Ultraviolet‐Controlled Radical Dopants: Suppressing Unpredictable Oxidation and Lithium Migration in Perovskite Solar Cells

Z Zihao Li (State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering) J Jinzheng Zhao (Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China) Y Yikai Yun C Chongyu Zhong Y Ying Chu (Institute of Carbon Neutrality Zhejiang Wanli University Ningbo 315100 P.R. China) B Bingxu Liu (Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.) D Dongmin Qian S Shan Chang (Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China) S Shaoyu Chen Z Zuo Zhang (Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center) X Xiaonan Jin (Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China) J Jingjin Dong (State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China) J Jiupeng Cao (State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China) Y You Liu T Tianshi Qin

Abstract

Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved parity in efficiency with silicon‐based solar cells. This dependency introduces stability challenges and complicates device fabrication due to the traditional air‐oxidation doping process, which is time‐consuming, unpredictable, and requires continuous monitoring of device variability. Here, we propose two triphenyl sulfonium (TPS) salts as UV‐light‐triggered radical‐generating dopants for 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis [ N,N ‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl) amino]‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene(spiro‐OMeTAD). These dopants eliminate the need for air‐based oxidation, thereby simplifying fabrication while enhancing the electrical properties of spiro‐OMeTAD through efficient p‐type doping. Using this approach, we achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.18%, surpassing the performance of traditional doping methods. Notably, PSCs incorporating TPS dopants and cost‐effective silver top‐electrodes demonstrated exceptional stability under various operational conditions. This work presents a scalable, cost‐effective doping strategy that addresses critical stability‐efficiency trade‐offs in PSCs, positioning them as viable contenders for commercial renewable energy applications.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 64, Issue 39
Published September 22, 2025
ISSN 1433-7851
Publisher Wiley

Journal Info

Angewandte Chemie International Edition

Wiley

ISSN: 1433-7851 Physical Sciences

Authors (15)

Z

Zihao Li

State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering

J

Jinzheng Zhao

Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China

Y

Yikai Yun

C

Chongyu Zhong

Y

Ying Chu

Institute of Carbon Neutrality Zhejiang Wanli University Ningbo 315100 P.R. China

B

Bingxu Liu

Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

D

Dongmin Qian

S

Shan Chang

Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China

S

Shaoyu Chen

Z

Zuo Zhang

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center

X

Xiaonan Jin

Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 China

J

Jingjin Dong

State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China

J

Jiupeng Cao

State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China

Y

You Liu

T

Tianshi Qin