Tumor intrinsic mechanisms leading to cevostamab resistance in multiple myeloma

Abstract

Abstract In this study, we investigated tumor intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to cevostamab, a bispecific T-cell engager targeting Fc receptor-like protein 5 (FCRL5) and CD3 that has shown promising clinical activity and durable responses in advanced MM. Longitudinal bone marrow aspirates from nine MM patients treated with cevostamab were analyzed. All patients had previously been treated with both immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PI) and eight patients had received daratumumab prior to cevostamab, which was, on average, the 6th line of treatment (mean treatment duration 220±273 days). Five of nine patients responded with ≥PR. Whole genome and transcriptome sequencing was performed on sorted CD138+ MM cells at baseline, and whole exome and transcriptome sequencing was performed on five and three samples, respectively, following cevostamab discontinuation. Baseline FCRL5 expression levels did not correlate with clinical response. However, in one non-responder patient, FCRL5 expression increased four-fold after 28 days of treatment. Given the location of the FCRL5 gene on chromosome 1q—commonly amplified in advanced MM—we evaluated the presence of Gain(1q) in our study cohort. All patients whose best response was ≤PR (n=6) harbored a Gain(1q), whereas it was absent in those who achieved VGPR and sCR (n=3). Crucially, one of the patients that achieved sCR was initially treated with 60 mg of cevostamab for one year and then escalated to a higher dose cohort (90 mg) in the second year. At progression, a clonal FCRL5E115A missense mutation (allelic frequency = 56%) and a subclonal FCRL5G455Efs*19(allelic frequency = 5%) frameshift deletion mutation were detected, both absent at baseline. The missense mutation was located on the extracellular domain of FCRL5 targeted by cevostamab. To validate the functional impact of FCRL5E115Aand FCRL5G455Efs*19 on the sensitivity to cevostamab in vitro, we generated a FCRL5 knockout (KO) model utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 technology in OPM2 MM cells. In vitro cevostamab cytotoxicity assay with PBMCs and pan T cells from healthy donors at various effector to target (E:T) ratios confirmed a complete loss of cevostamab sensitivity in our FCRL5KO models. cDNA encoding patient-derived FCRL5 alterations (FCRL5E115Aand FCRL5G455Efs*19) as well as FCRL5wtwere cloned into mammalian expression vector and reintroduced into FCRL5KO cells. Cevostamab sensitivity was reinstated by FCRL5wt expression in KO cells. In contrast, FCRL5E115A conferred complete resistance to cevostamab (p<0,001) and FCRL5G455Efs*19 depicted a significant decline in cevostamab sensitivity relative to FCRL5wt expressing models. Additional experiment utilizing direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) are ongoing to monitor the membrane localization of FCRL5 mutants. By integrating genomic, transcriptomic and functional data with clinical outcomes, this work is the first to report on acquired FCRL5 mutations causing resistance to cevostamab. We hypothesize that the prolonged treatment duration may have contributed to the acquisition of the target mutations and note a subsequent durable sCR response to BCMA-targeted immunotherapy in the same patient, suggesting immune-related factors such as T cell exhaustion, were not drivers of cevostamab resistance. Due to the limited sample size, these findings require validation in larger cohorts. Nonetheless, our findings begin to elucidate tumor intrinsic mechanisms associated with cevostamab resistance.