Transforming photodiode into avalanche photodiode: An efficient method improving the sensitivity performance of foundry-fabricated Si/Ge receiver

B Beichen Liu (Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,) Y Yinjie Liu (Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,) J Jizhe Zhao (Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,) J Jiyuan Zheng R Rui Wu (Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.) Y Yubo Yang X Xiayang Hua (Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,) X Xiaoran Wang (State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology) A Anran Guo (Department of Solid State Image Sensor, CETC No. 44 Research Institute, CETC Chips Technology Group Co., Ltd. 3 , Chongqing 401332,) B Boyi Yu (Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,) X Xiaoyu Feng Y Yongpan Liu Z Zhibiao Hao (Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 2 , Beijing 100084,) H Hongtao Li Y Yanjun Han (State Key Laboratory of Widegap Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,) J Jian Wang B Bing Xiong C Changzheng Sun L Lin Gan Y Yi Luo (State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis) L Lai Wang

Abstract

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are essential semiconductor optoelectronic devices that could effectively improve the optical receiver sensitivity due to the internal gain. Based on Si/Ge photodiodes (PDs) from standard foundry process design kits, this work demonstrates a simple tuning method to transform PDs into APDs and further improve optical receiver sensitivity by carefully increasing the bias voltage before breakdown. The tuning principle is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. A useful method distinguishing whether a foundry-fabricated PD can be tuned to the APD is proposed via confirming if the tunneling breakdown happens before avalanche. Subsequently, based on the foundry-fabricated Si/Ge PD, the receiver sensitivity is improved by 5 dB via increasing bias voltage from 2 to 12 V under the non-return-to-zero bit rate of 10 Gbps, at the incident power of −16 dBm and gain of 3 the bit error rate is suppressed by eight orders of magnitude.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 138, Issue 6
Published August 14, 2025
ISSN 0021-8979
Publisher American Institute of Physics

Journal Info

Journal of Applied Physics

American Institute of Physics

ISSN: 0021-8979 Physical Sciences

Authors (21)

B

Beichen Liu

Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,

Y

Yinjie Liu

Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,

J

Jizhe Zhao

Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,

J

Jiyuan Zheng

R

Rui Wu

Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Y

Yubo Yang

X

Xiayang Hua

Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,

X

Xiaoran Wang

State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology

A

Anran Guo

Department of Solid State Image Sensor, CETC No. 44 Research Institute, CETC Chips Technology Group Co., Ltd. 3 , Chongqing 401332,

B

Boyi Yu

Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,

X

Xiaoyu Feng

Y

Yongpan Liu

Z

Zhibiao Hao

Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 2 , Beijing 100084,

H

Hongtao Li

Y

Yanjun Han

State Key Laboratory of Widegap Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University 1 , Beijing 100084,

J

Jian Wang

B

Bing Xiong

C

Changzheng Sun

L

Lin Gan

Y

Yi Luo

State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis

L

Lai Wang