Tobacco spending and the perceived cost of tobacco among smokers living with HIV and receiving treatment at outpatient clinics in Viet Nam: A mixed methods study

Abstract

Background Tobacco use among people living with HIV (PWH) is 2–3 times higher than among HIV-negative individuals. In Viet Nam, over 50% of men living with HIV use tobacco. Reducing smoking is important to improving disparities among PWH who smoke including their higher exposure to chronic disease. However, data on tobacco spending as well as the potential impact of tobacco policies, such as taxation, is limited among PWH. Viet Nam has one of the lowest taxes on tobacco in the world, thus underutilizing this tool. Our study aims to understand tobacco spending among PWH who smoke as well as examine the financial burden of tobacco use, and their perceptions about the affordability of tobacco products. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews (n = 24) that explored smoking behavior and perceptions about the cost of tobacco, alongside cross-sectional quantitative surveys (n = 75) that assessed daily tobacco expenditures and the proportion of income spent on tobacco. We applied convergent parallel design to these two independent samples taken from the same study population of PWH enrolled in a tobacco use treatment study at HIV clinics in Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Results Participants spent 7.47% of their annual income on tobacco products. Tobacco dependence was positively associated with higher daily expenditure on tobacco. Qualitatively, participants did not describe tobacco-related spending as a financial burden and did not consider the price of cigarettes as a motivation to quit. However, participants acknowledged that smoking is still a costly expenditure and indicated that quitting would yield financial savings which could be redirected to other household needs. Conclusion Despite spending a considerable percentage of their income spent on tobacco, most participants perceived cigarettes as affordable. This may reflect our sample’s strong socioeconomic resources as well as the low price of cigarettes in Viet Nam, which may be too low to cause financial hardship and thus reduce motivation to quitting.