The role of lifestyle in mitigating cognitive decline in older adults with cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM): A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM), the coexistence of two or more cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), is increasingly recognized as a key risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia in older adults. Healthy lifestyle behaviors may mitigate these effects, but this remains poorly understood. Given the rising prevalence of CMM worldwide and the urgent need for effective dementia prevention strategies, a systematic review and meta-analysis are warranted to investigate whether and to what extent a healthier lifestyle can mitigate this risk. Methods A comprehensive search of Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus will be conducted to identify longitudinal observational studies reporting incident adverse cognitive outcomes in older adults with CMM, while also exploring the influence of lifestyle factors on such outcomes. Grey literature will be included, and no language or date restrictions will be applied. Retrieved records will be managed in Covidence, with two independent reviewers conducting all review processes. Data will be extracted using a predesigned extraction form. The ROBINS-E tool will be used to assess the risk of bias, and the GRADE approach will evaluate the certainty of evidence. If sufficient homogeneous data are available, a meta-analysis will be conducted; otherwise, findings will be narratively synthesized. Discussion This systematic review and meta-analysis will provide comprehensive insights into the extent to which a healthier lifestyle may mitigate cognitive decline associated with CMM. The findings may inform future intervention designs to promote healthy aging and reduce the risk of cognitive impairment among individuals with CMM. Prospero registration Prospero registration ID: CRD420251000046. Registered on 26 th February 2025.