The impacts of European arrival on Australian dingoes

L Lachie Scarsbrook K Kylie M. Cairns (Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales) K Kieren J. Mitchell (Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide) K Katia Bougiouri A Allowen Evin (Institute of Evolutionary Science-Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE) A Alexander C. Harris (Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health) A Anna E. Wood (The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford) Z Zehui Zhang (The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford) D Daniel J. Lawson (Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol) J Joel M. Alves (The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford) P Peter W. Ditchfield (Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford) S Sofia Granja-Martins (The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford) A Amy K. Styring (Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford) K Kristina Tabbada O Olaf Thalmann M Mathew S. Crowther (School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney) M Michael Curry (Archaeology & Paleoanthropology, University of New England) T Tatiana R. Feuerborn L Loukas G. Koungoulos (Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture, History and Language, Australian National University) M Mike Letnic (Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales) E Elizabeth H. Reed (Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales) R Richard Sabin (Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum) H Heidi G. Parker (Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health) E Elaine A. Ostrander (Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health) L Laurent A. F. Frantz G Greger Larson M Melanie A. Fillios (Archaeology & Paleoanthropology, University of New England)

Abstract

The European colonial expansion had dramatic consequences on both Indigenous Peoples and local fauna. In Australia, the degree to which the arrival of Europeans and their dogs impacted the ecology and ancestry of dingoes is contentious. To test for gene flow with European dogs, we sequenced genomes of 18 ancient Australian dingoes from the Nullarbor Plain, two early 20th-century New Guinean dingoes, a mid-19th-century kangaroo hound, and 33 contemporary dingoes from across Australia. To quantify dietary shifts after the arrival of the First Fleet (AD1788), we generated stable isotopic ( δ 13 C, δ 15 N) data for 55 directly dated ancient Australian dingoes spanning the last ~2,300 y. We show that the diet of Nullarbor Plain dingoes shifted soon after European arrival, possibly due to shifts in prey abundance. Our genomic analyses demonstrated that pre-European dingoes were more inbred than most contemporary dog breeds, possibly as a result of population bottlenecks. We also showed that many dingoes, particularly those from Southeast Australia, experienced admixture with European dogs. Although we detected European ancestry dating to the early 18th-century, the majority of gene flow events coincided with the initiation of landscape-scale population control in the 1960s. Furthermore, some European dog alleles may have provided adaptive benefits to dingoes and alleviated inbreeding depression. Despite the existence of gene flow with European dogs, dingoes have maintained their distinctiveness. This suggests that management strategies should prioritize maintenance of substantial population sizes across Australia to both facilitate effective purifying and positive selection on introgressed alleles, and mitigate inbreeding.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 122, Issue 48
Published December 02, 2025
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (27)

L

Lachie Scarsbrook

K

Kylie M. Cairns

Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales

K

Kieren J. Mitchell

Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide

K

Katia Bougiouri

A

Allowen Evin

Institute of Evolutionary Science-Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE

A

Alexander C. Harris

Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health

A

Anna E. Wood

The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford

Z

Zehui Zhang

The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford

D

Daniel J. Lawson

Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol

J

Joel M. Alves

The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford

P

Peter W. Ditchfield

Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford

S

Sofia Granja-Martins

The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford

A

Amy K. Styring

Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford

K

Kristina Tabbada

O

Olaf Thalmann

M

Mathew S. Crowther

School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney

M

Michael Curry

Archaeology & Paleoanthropology, University of New England

T

Tatiana R. Feuerborn

L

Loukas G. Koungoulos

Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture, History and Language, Australian National University

M

Mike Letnic

Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales

E

Elizabeth H. Reed

Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales

R

Richard Sabin

Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum

H

Heidi G. Parker

Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health

E

Elaine A. Ostrander

Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health

L

Laurent A. F. Frantz

G

Greger Larson

M

Melanie A. Fillios

Archaeology & Paleoanthropology, University of New England