The impact of maternal gum disease on pregnancy outcomes using PRAMS data

Abstract

Background Gum disease during pregnancy is not just a dental issue but a significant public health concern with potential implications for maternal and child health. This study aims to estimate the national prevalence of gum disease among pregnant women and examine the association of maternal gum disease during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Methods A retrospective case-control study used the PRAMS (phase 8, 2016–2020) dataset. Propensity score matching was employed to match cases in a 1:3 ratio. Logistic regression was used to test the associations between maternal gum disease, low birth weight, and small gestational age. Results The study revealed a prevalence rate of 207 cases per 100,000 pregnant women. Notable differences were observed, with higher prevalence rates among younger women (20–24 yrs), racial minorities (Black women), and those with lower educational attainment (9–12 grade, no diploma). Maternal gum disease was associated with an increased risk of small for gestational age (SGA) and falls below the 10th percentile (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.56–3.75, p < 0.001), having babies with birthweight below 2500g are 3.51 times higher (OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 2.39–5.16, p < 0.001) compared to those who do not have gum disease. Conclusion The complex relationship between maternal oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes necessitates immediate and comprehensive research to understand and address this issue, highlighting the immediate need for action to prevent potential health risks.