The entropic barrier around the conical intersection seam

Abstract

Conical intersections (CIs) are seen as the main mediators of nonadiabatic transitions; yet, mixed quantum–classical (MQC) simulations that treat nuclei as classical point particles rarely, if ever, sample geometries with exactly degenerate electronic energies. Here, we show that this behavior arises from a fundamental statistical–mechanical constraint on classical nuclear motion. Using a linear vibronic coupling model, we derive the free energy along the adiabatic energy gap and demonstrate analytically that as the gap approaches zero, the free energy diverges around the CI seam. Molecular dynamics simulations of the methaniminium cation on the S1 surface confirm this prediction: trajectories can approach regions with small adiabatic gaps, but never reach the CI seam, even if the CI corresponds to a region of lowest potential energy. These results clarify why MQC methods successfully capture nonadiabatic behavior without sampling exact degeneracies and agree with recent findings that classical trajectories can sense the presence of CIs without visiting them.