Synergistically Activating N <sub>2</sub> and CO <sub>2</sub> at Water Microdroplet Interfaces

Z Zaifa Shi J Jing Nie (Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University) Z Zuo‐Chang Chen (State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces <i>i</i>ChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) Department of Chemistry Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China) T Thomas Ka‐Yam Lam (Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China) J Jianing Wang L Lei Guo (Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Health Science &amp; Biostatistics, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.) Y Yunkai Li C Cunhao Cui (State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China) H Haotian Ying (State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China) J Jianing Zhang (Department of Land Resources and Urban Development Management, School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University) X Xu Cai Q Qingjie Zeng (State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China) Y Yanyan Chen S Shui‐Chao Lin (State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China) L Lan‐Sun Zheng (State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen China) Z Zongwei Cai

Abstract

Abstract Nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation is essential for sustaining life but is challenging under ambient conditions. Industrial N 2 fixation is energy‐intensive and exacerbates carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, while high concentration of atmospheric CO 2 urgently requires scalable mitigation strategies. In this study, we report that simultaneous spontaneous activation of N 2 and CO 2 under ambient conditions in microdroplets, producing ammonium (NH 4 + ), nitrite (NO 2 − ), and formate (HCO 2 − ), as confirmed by isotopic labelling experiments and theoretical calculations. This can clarify the doubts about environmental ammonia pollution in microdroplets. The activation of N 2 and CO 2 exhibits a synergistic enhancement effect in microdroplets. Mechanistic investigation reveals novel pathways involving the CO 2 ‐facilitated N 2 fixation and the oxygen radical ( • O)‐mediated N 2 fixation. This discovery offers a sustainable pathway for green N 2 fixation and atmospheric CO 2 utilization, and offers insights into the potential formation pathway of HONO in the atmosphere.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 65, Issue 3
Published January 16, 2026
ISSN 1433-7851
Publisher Wiley

Journal Info

Angewandte Chemie International Edition

Wiley

ISSN: 1433-7851 Physical Sciences

Authors (16)

Z

Zaifa Shi

J

Jing Nie

Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University

Z

Zuo‐Chang Chen

State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces <i>i</i>ChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) Department of Chemistry Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China

T

Thomas Ka‐Yam Lam

Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China

J

Jianing Wang

L

Lei Guo

Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Health Science &amp; Biostatistics, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

Y

Yunkai Li

C

Cunhao Cui

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China

H

Haotian Ying

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China

J

Jianing Zhang

Department of Land Resources and Urban Development Management, School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University

X

Xu Cai

Q

Qingjie Zeng

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China

Y

Yanyan Chen

S

Shui‐Chao Lin

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China

L

Lan‐Sun Zheng

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen China

Z

Zongwei Cai