Symptom profiles and health-related quality of life in Korean adults with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): A latent profile analysis

Abstract

Background Post-Acute Sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC) is characterized by persistent and heterogeneous symptoms that impair health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Although several studies have identified symptom subgroups in Western populations using person-centered approaches, data on Asian populations remain limited. Objectives In this study, we aimed to classify the symptom profiles of Korean adults with PASC using latent profile analysis (LPA) and examine the differences in HRQoL and associated factors between the identified profiles. Methods We conducted an online survey of 629 adults in Korea who experienced persistent symptoms ≥12 weeks after coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnosis. Symptom burden was assessed using the Long COVID Symptom Tool (26 items), and HRQoL was measured using the SF-36 v2®. LPA was performed to identify the symptom subgroups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression were used to compare HRQoL across profiles and explore predictors. Results A four-class model provided the best fit: Class 1 (Low symptom, 23.3%), Class 2 (Moderate multisystem, 44.1%), Class 3 (Fatigue/post-exertional malaise dominant, 15.9%), and Class 4 (High multisystem burden, 16.7%). HRQoL differed significantly between classes ( p  < .001), with a clear gradient of decreasing scores from low to high symptom burden. The independent predictors of lower HRQoL included lower education, presence of chronic disease, poor subjective health, hospitalization during acute infection, and prolonged symptom persistence. The model explained 32.9% of the variance in HRQoL. Conclusions Korean adults with PASC exhibit heterogeneous symptom patterns that substantially affect their HRQoL. The identification of distinct symptom profiles supports the need for tailored interventions, including rehabilitation, cognitive training, and psychological support. Our findings provide crucial evidence for developing Korean population-specific screening tools and management guidelines for PASC.