Sustainable EVA-based hybrid bio-composites derived from agricultural waste for efficient heavy metal removal

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)-based hybrid bio-composites for the effective removal of Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ ions from aqueous media. Two composites were fabricated via melt blending: C1 (EVA/biochar) and C2 (EVA/sugar beet pulp), utilizing agricultural wastes as functional fillers. Comprehensive characterization using SEM–EDX, FTIR, TGA, and DSC confirmed the successful incorporation of fillers and strong interfacial compatibility within the EVA matrix. Adsorption performance was evaluated by examining the effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial metal concentration. Both composites demonstrated rapid uptake, achieving equilibrium within 30 min for Cu 2+ and 60 min for Pb 2+ . The maximum adsorption capacities reached 250 and 588 mg/g for Cu 2+ , and 97 and 82 mg/g for Pb 2+ using C1 and C2, respectively. Kinetic and isotherm equilibrium behaviors were comprehensively evaluated using both linear and non-linear regression frameworks to thoroughly investigate the underlying adsorption mechanisms. The synergistic integration of the EVA matrix with bio-based fillers significantly enhanced surface functionality, structural integrity, and adsorption efficiency. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of EVA-based hybrid bio-composites derived from agricultural waste as efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective materials for heavy metal removal in water treatment applications.