Study of changes in brain dynamics during sleep cycles in dogs under effect of trazodone

Abstract

Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for cognitive function, memory consolidation, and overall health in both humans and animals. Dogs, in particular, share many physiological and neurological similarities with humans, making them a valuable model for sleep research. Similar to humans, dogs can experience sleep disorders that disrupt sleep cycles and impair cognitive function. While serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs), like trazodone, have been shown to alleviate these conditions in dogs, their underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigates the effects of trazodone on brain dynamics in healthy dogs using electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis. We compared treated subjects with a control group by characterizing EEG activity across wakefulness, drowsiness, Non-REM (NREM), and REM sleep states. Hypnogram analysis was used to assess sleep architecture, including alterations in cycle patterns and time spent in each stage. Additionally, we examined linear and non-linear EEG dynamics using Power Spectral Density (PSD), Permutation Entropy (PE), and Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC), as well as connectivity changes through Phase Lag Index (PLI) and coherence analysis. Our findings indicate that trazodone significantly alters sleep structure by modifying sleep cycles, reducing power in lower frequency bands across most sleep stages, and increasing power in frequencies above 13 Hz during Drowsiness and NREM. Furthermore, treated dogs exhibited increased signal entropy and complexity in lower frequency bands across all sleep stages, along with a reduction in brain connectivity in most stages and frequency bands. These results provide new insights into the short-term effects of trazodone on brain activity during sleep, with potential implications for its clinical use as a sleep aid in dogs.