Spiro‐Phenothiazine Hole‐Transporting Materials: Unlocking Stability and Scalability in Perovskite Solar Cells
Abstract
Abstract Improving both the efficiency and long‐term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is critical for their commercial deployment. Despite the widespread use of spiro‐OMeTAD as a hole‐transporting material (HTM), its inhomogeneous doping behavior and susceptibility to moisture and heat have hindered its large‐scale industrial implementation. Here, a family of spiro‐phenothiazine‐based HTMs (PTZ) is reported to address these drawbacks. Among them, the fluorene derivative (PTZ‐Fl) shows a larger Li + affinity and forms a compact interphase by intercalation in the perovskite passivating layer that prevents Li + migration. PSCs incorporating PTZ‐Fl exhibit power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 25.8% (certified 25.2% under reverse scan), retaining 80% of their initial performance after 1000 h under ISOS‐L‐3 protocol. Furthermore, a 5 × 5 cm mini‐module reaches a PCE of 22.1%, surpassing spiro‐OMeTAD‐based PSCs and retaining over 85% of its efficiency after 1100 h under ISOS‐D‐1 protocol. These results demonstrate that PTZ‐Fl not only enables high PCEs but also substantially improves operational stability, offering a promising pathway toward the large‐scale deployment of next‐generation PSCs.
Article Details
Authors (18)
Javier Urieta‐Mora
Departamento Química Orgánica Facultad C. C. Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Av. Complutense s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
Seung Ju Choi
Ulsan Advanced Energy Technology R&D Center Korea Institute of Energy Research 25 Techno Saneop‐ro 55beon‐gil, Nam‐gu Ulsan 44776 Republic of Korea
Jaeki Jeong
Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
Silvia Orecchio
Departamento Química Orgánica Facultad C. C. Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Av. Complutense s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
Inés García‐Benito
Departamento Química Orgánica Facultad C. C. Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Av. Complutense s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
Manuel Pérez‐Escribano
Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad de Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2 Paterna 46980 Spain
Joaquín Calbo
Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
Likai Zheng
Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques
Minseop Byun
Ulsan Advanced Energy Technology R&D Center Korea Institute of Energy Research 25 Techno Saneop‐ro 55beon‐gil, Nam‐gu Ulsan 44776 Republic of Korea
Seyeong Song
School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 South Korea
Gi‐Hwan Kim
Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Republic of Korea
Shaik M. Zakeeruddin
Seog‐Young Yoon
School of Materials Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
Yimhyun Jo
Ulsan Advanced Energy Technology R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25 Techno Saneop-ro 55beon-gil, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44776, Republic of Korea
Agustín Molina‐Ontoria
Departamento Química Orgánica Facultad C. C. Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Av. Complutense s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
Enrique Ortí
Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
Nazario Martín
IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9 Campus De Cantoblanco Madrid Spain
Michael Grätzel