Solution ALD of (CH <sub>3</sub> NH <sub>3</sub> )(PbI <sub>3</sub> ) Perovskite Thin Films Yields Functional Quality and Stability Superior to Classical Processing
Abstract
Abstract Atomic‐level control of solution‐processed hybrid halide perovskites is achieved experimentally by solution atomic layer deposition (sALD). This method transfers the surface chemical principles of gas‐phase ALD (gALD) to precursors dissolved in the liquid phase. Circumventing limitations associated with precursor volatility, sALD broadens the portfolio of reaction chemistries usable and material classes accessible. We establish its applicability to depositing ultrathin films of ionic semiconductors by developing an sALD procedure for the most prominent halide perovskite, methylammonium triiodoplumbate (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , ‘MAPI‘). The process saturates upon precursor dosage variation to self‐limiting growth typical for ALD, as analyzed by ex‐situ and in‐situ techniques. sALD‐deposited MAPI is highly pure, stoichiometric, and polycrystalline. When MAPI films are prepared in congruent pairs by sALD and by a state‐of‐the‐art spin‐coating method, sALD‐grown films clearly outperform their spin‐coated counterparts in terms of charge carrier lifetimes and stability. They exhibit high carrier mobility and yield functional light absorbing layers in solar cells.
Article Details
Authors (30)
Vanessa M. Koch
Chemistry of Thin Film Materials Materials Chemistry section Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg IZNF, Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
Xinyi Zeng
Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
Andreas S. Deckert
Chemistry of Thin Film Materials Materials Chemistry section Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg IZNF, Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
Pascal Büttner
Chemistry of Thin Film Materials Materials Chemistry section Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg IZNF, Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
Evanie Franz
Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Fei Ding
Michael A. Anderson
Department of Interface Design Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 15 12489 Berlin Germany
Jiyun Zhang
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
Christian Kupfer
Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Martensstr. 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
Elena A. Mack
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & FAU Profile Center Solar & Interdisciplinary Center forMolecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Vipul K. Ambasta
Computer Chemie Centrum Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
Patrick Duchstein
Chair for Theoretical Chemistry/Computer Chemistry Center (CCC), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
Katharina E. Dehm
Chemistry of Thin Film Materials Materials Chemistry section Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg IZNF, Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
Stevie Furxhiu
Chemistry of Thin Film Materials Materials Chemistry section Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg IZNF, Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
Achim Zahl
Chemistry of Thin Film Materials Materials Chemistry section Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg IZNF, Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
Johannes Frisch
Felix Hoga
Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Martensstr. 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
Tobias Stubhan
Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Martensstr. 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
Regan G. Wilks
Zijian Peng
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science
Olaf Brummel
Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Ryan W. Crisp
Chemistry of Thin Film Materials Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
Dirk Zahn
Computer Chemistry Center (CCC) & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
Carolin Müller
Computer Chemistry Center
Dirk M. Guldi
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
Marcus Bär
Dorothea Wisser
Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
Jörg Libuda
Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Christoph J. Brabec
Institute of Energy Materials and Devices - Photovoltaics (IMD-3)
Julien Bachmann
Chemistry of Thin Film Materials Materials Chemistry section Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg IZNF, Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany