Sleep alters neurovascular and hydrodynamic coupling in the human brain

T Tommi Väyrynen (Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu) J Johanna Tuunanen (Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu) H Heta Helakari (Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu) A Ahmed Elabasy (Oulu Functional NeuroImaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu) V Vesa Korhonen (Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu) N Niko Huotari (Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu) J Johanna Piispala (Clinical Neurophysiology, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu) M Mika Kallio (Clinical Neurophysiology, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu) M Maiken Nedergaard V Vesa Kiviniemi (Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu)

Abstract

Sleep is essential for maintaining brain tissue homeostasis, which is facilitated by enhanced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) solute transport. Infraslow (<0.1 Hz) vasomotion, CSF flow, and electrophysiological potential all increase during sleep, but their contributions as potential drivers of CSF flow in human brain remain unknown. To investigate this, we measured these signals in healthy volunteers across sleep–wake states using functional MRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD), electroencephalography, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. We then studied the directed coupling patterns between the three signals, using phase transfer entropy. In the awake state, electrophysiological potential and water concentration changes both predicted hemodynamic BOLD changes across whole brain, reflecting classical functional hyperemia. During sleep, these interactions changed such that the net directionality was lost and the interactions became more bidirectional. Our results show that in addition to neural changes during sleep, nonneural processes such as vasomotor-driven hydrodynamic waves start to gain more impact on human brain activity.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 123, Issue 12
Published March 24, 2026
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (10)

T

Tommi Väyrynen

Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu

J

Johanna Tuunanen

Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu

H

Heta Helakari

Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu

A

Ahmed Elabasy

Oulu Functional NeuroImaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu

V

Vesa Korhonen

Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu

N

Niko Huotari

Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu

J

Johanna Piispala

Clinical Neurophysiology, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu

M

Mika Kallio

Clinical Neurophysiology, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu

M

Maiken Nedergaard

V

Vesa Kiviniemi

Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, Research unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu