Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system variations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with different complications and treatments: Implications for glucose metabolism

Abstract

Background The presence of hypertension and various acute or chronic complications may affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which plays a crucial role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. However, the quantitative distribution of the RAAS components in relation to the progression of T2DM and the treatment of hyperglycemia and hypertension, as well as their association with different stages of complications and glucose metabolism, has not been well studied. Methods We enrolled a total of 151 patients with T2DM and essential hypertension, 40 patients with T2DM and normotension, and 46 healthy controls in the study. They were categorized into subgroups based on criteria for diabetic complications. Statistical analyses, including Spearman rank correlation and multiple linear regression, were conducted to assess the relationship between RAAS components and glucose metabolism indexes such as HbA1c, FBG, CP, HOMA-β, HOMA-IR, and UACR. Results The results revealed significant differences in AII, ALD, REN, and ARR levels across various complication subgroups. Notably, the concentrations of ALD and REN exhibited a consistent trend, while ARR showed an opposite trend to the REN concentration. More than 60% of hypertensive patients were treated with ACEI/ARBs and calcium channel blockers, while 29.8% of the patients were prescribed β-blockers, resulting in decreased REN and increased ARR levels. All T2DM patients received antidiabetic treatment, among which 95 (49.7%) took SGLT-2is, 40 (20.9%) took GLP-1RAs injection and 55(28.8%) took DPP-4is. The subsequent analysis revealed that SGLT-2is, GLP-1RAs, DPP-4is and other glucose-lowering agents had no statistically significant effect on the RAAS system (p > 0.05). The correlation matrix analysis indicated positive associations between ALD, REN, CP, and HOMA-IR. Furthermore, the REN levels were negatively correlated with UACR in the hypertensive group and positively correlated with HbA1c and FBG levels in the normotensive group. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that ALD levels increased with higher levels of CP and HOMA-IR, independently of the RAAS system, anti-RAAS treatment and antidiabetic therapy. REN levels decreased with increasing UACR and β-blocker usage in the hypertensive group, while they increased with higher levels of HbA1c, FBG, and HOMA-IR in the normotensive group, independently of the RAAS system and antidiabetic therapy. Conclusions The activation status of the RAAS system varied among T2DM patients with different complications, highlighting the need for clinical differentiation. ALD was positively associated with insulin resistance and glucose metabolism impairment, while REN exhibited negative correlations with urinary microalbumin and β-blocker usage, and positive correlations with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Blocking the RAAS system holds promise for improving insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, and potentially reversing abnormal glucose tolerance or ameliorating glucose metabolism disorders.