Readout of a solid state spin ensemble at the projection noise limit

Abstract

Abstract Spin ensembles are central to quantum science, from fundamental physics searches to magnetic resonance spectroscopy and quantum sensing. The standard quantum limit for their performance is ultimately posed by spin projection noise, yet solid-state implementations have so far been limited by significantly larger photon shot noise. Here, we demonstrate a direct quantum non-demolition readout of a mesoscopic ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond that surpasses the photon shot-noise limit and approaches the intrinsic spin projection noise. By stabilizing the intrinsic 14 N nuclear spin bath at high magnetic fields and employing a repetitive nuclear-assisted spin readout, we achieve a noise reduction of 3.8 dB below the thermal projection noise level. This enables direct access to the intrinsic fluctuations of the spin ensemble, allowing us to directly observe the signatures of correlated spin states. Our results establish projection noise-limited readout as a practical tool for solid-state quantum sensors, opening pathways to quantum-enhanced metrology, direct detection of many-body correlations, and the implementation of spin squeezing in mesoscopic solid-state ensembles.