Radio emissions reveal Alfvénic activity and electron acceleration prior to substorm onset

Abstract

Abstract Magnetospheric substorms are among the most dynamic phenomena in the Earth’s magnetosphere, yet their triggering mechanisms remain unclear. Ground-based observations have identified wave-like aurora as precursors to substorms. Here, we report a new precursor feature in space-based observations of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR), marked by the appearance of emissions with slowly frequency-drifting tones (<2 kHz/s) above 100 kHz. Simultaneous multi-instrument observations and statistical analysis suggest that these AKR precursors occur concurrently with wave-like aurora, either manifesting as pseudo-breakup features (with about 5 min duration) or as pre-onset activity (about 2 min prior to substorm expansion), indicating a common driving mechanism. Analysis of the emissions with frequency-drifting tones suggests that they are linked to moving double layers driven by dispersive Alfvén waves, consistent with an Alfvénic acceleration mechanism for pre-onset aurora. These findings highlight the importance of Alfvénic activity in substorms and suggest that Alfvénic acceleration is not only responsible for optical auroral features but also for radio emissions, potentially explaining also the ubiquitous frequency-drifting emission features observed at other magnetized planets like Saturn and Jupiter.