Prevalence and predictors of long COVID at 1 year in a cohort of hospitalized patients: A multicentric qualitative and quantitative study

Abstract

Introduction According to WHO long COVID is defined as a continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, with these symptoms lasting for at least 2 months with no other explanation. We followed up patients after an episode of acute COVID-19 for 1 year after hospital discharge from different parts of India. Methods This was a multi-centric study among patients ≥18 years hospitalized with COVID-19, which recruited patients at 6 weeks after hospital discharge (baseline). Quantitative data on demographics, pre-existing co-morbidities, risk factors, signs and symptoms and hospital parameters during acute COVID-19 infection were noted at baseline. They were followed up and data collected telephonically thereafter at 3–6, 6–9 and 9–12 months regarding self-reported persistence of symptoms. A qualitative component included face to face in-depth interviews to elicit information on perceived health problems, quality of life and financial burden due to COVID-19. Results A total of 315 patients were enrolled, with the majority being males (59.4%). The median age was 52 years (IQR 40, 63). The prevalence of long COVID was 16.5%. At 6 weeks and 12 months, 35.2% and 25.9% of patients, reported more than one new symptom that affected their quality of life. Shortness of breath was common at each time point, persistent muscle pain and weakness waxed and waned. Variables at 6 weeks post discharge (baseline) such as shortness of breath (OR 2.22 CI 1.06–4.65, p = <0.05), cough (OR 6.93, CI 2.36–20.30, p = <0.05), fatigue (OR 2.34, CI 1.05–5.23, p = <0.05), and weight loss (OR 2.90, CI 1.30–6.49, p = <0.05) were significantly associated with long COVID. Conclusion We found that long COVID was noted in 16.5% patients who self reported non – recovery at 1 year. Physical symptoms, mental health issues and mobility were persistent in a significant number of patients following an initial recovery from an acute COVID-19 infection. In 25.9% of patients more than 1 symptom was reported at 1 year after COVID-19. We urgently need therapeutic interventions which can improve the quality of life in these patients.