Preparation of new modified CuFe₂O₄ nanoparticles by benzalkonium chloride as enhancer of natural gas hydrate formation

Abstract

Abstract Natural gas hydrate (NGH) based storage represents a safe and energy-efficient alternative to conventional natural gas transportation technologies; however, its widespread application remains constrained by slow hydrate formation kinetics and limited gas storage efficiency. Overcoming these limitations is essential for enabling hydrate-based gas storage as a practical industrial solution. In this context, the present study investigates the synergistic effect of benzalkonium chloride (Bzc) modified CuFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles as an advanced kinetic promoter for NGH formation. Unmodified CuFe 2 O 4 (NFCu), physically blended CuFe 2 O 4 /Bzc (NFCu-Phy.), and chemically modified CuFe 2 O 4 Bzc (NFCu-Ch.) were systematically evaluated at 274.15 K and 6.5 MPa. The results demonstrate a substantial enhancement in hydrate formation kinetics and gas storage capacity with Bzc incorporation, particularly through chemical modification. NFCu exhibited an induction time of 12 min, while NFCu-Phy. and NFCu-Ch. reduced induction times to 6 and 5 min, respectively, at ultra-low Bzc dosages. NFCu-Ch. achieved a 58.33% reduction in induction time, indicating superior nucleation efficiency. Gas storage capacity increased markedly from 0.12 to 0.35 mol/mol water, corresponding to a 191.67% improvement. These enhancements are attributed to improved surface activity, favorable HOMOLUMO characteristics, and increased surface area and pore size. Overall, this study provides a low-dosage, high-efficiency strategy to overcome key kinetic and capacity barriers, supporting the practical advancement of NGH-based natural gas storage and transportation systems.