Perceptions and public health risks of the bat-human interface in households from fragmented rural landscapes in southern Chile

Abstract

Land-use change and habitat fragmentation in southern Chile have favored synanthropic bat species, promoting their contact with domestic animals and humans, representing a potential risk of exposure. This study aimed to characterize dwellings with bat colonies in rural zones of the Los Ríos and Los Lagos regions, estimate the frequency of human–bat contact, and determine the health risk perception from residents. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 69 rural dwellings. A structured survey was used to gather information on demographics, household characteristics, frequency of contacts, and risk perception. Data regarding contact levels and household attributes were evaluated using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. Surveyed dwellings were predominantly wooden construction, whit 67% presenting unsealed openings, and bat presence was reported in 46% of households. Higher contact levels were significantly associated with the presence of pets (dogs p = 0.0014, V = 0.69; cats p = 0.021, V = 0.5) and vulnerable residents (minors or seniors, p = 0.0014, V = 0.67). Conversely, dwelling structure did not present a clear pattern differentiating the contact level. Although 84% of respondents acknowledged disease transmission risk, primarily rabies, there was a significant gap in risk perception regarding livestock, in addition to a lack of consistent preventive actions regardless of health risk knowledge. This perception paradox requires a One Health educational approach, beyond traditional rabies management. These results highlight a high frequency of cohabitation creating significant potential for exposure and representing a potential public health concern in southern Chile.