Pembrolizumab With or Without Lenvatinib as First-Line Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Phase III LEAP-010 Study

T Thiago Bueno de Oliveira (AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil) P Paul L. Swiecicki C Corina Dutcus (Eisai Inc, Nutley, NJ) C Chinyere E. Okpara (Eisai Ltd., Hatfield, United Kingdom) J Juan Shen (Department of Marine Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University) K Kimberly Benjamin (Merck, Rahway, NJ) B Burak Gumuscu (Merck, Rahway, NJ) R Robert I. Haddad H Hussein Soudy Hussein M Michael Boyer (Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney) A Anne Taylor J Julia Pastorello M Marcio Costa A Adriana Valadares T Thiago Oliveira L Luciano Viana K Karine da Trindade G Gustavo Alves A Anna Spreafico O Olivier Dumas (7CHU de Quebec-Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada) N Nathaniel Bouganim (McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada) Y Ye Guo Q Qingyuan Zhang (Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China) M Meiyu Fang (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China) N Ning Jia L Liangfang Shen K Kunyu Yang N Nianyong Chen H Hui Wu Y Ying Cheng (Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University) Z Zhijun Yuan X Xiangqian Zheng J Jingao Li Y Yan Sun G Guangyuan Hu S Song Qu C Chaosu Hu (Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China) S Sufang Qiu Z Zhenhua Li (State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding-by-Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences) S Shaoqiang Zhang F Feng Jin (School of Advanced Materials) G Guoxin Ren J Jin Gao J Jinguan Lin X Xiaoming Huang J Jinsong Li X Xujing Lu S Shurong Zhang (National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University) W Wenbin Lei J Jérôme Fayette S Sébastien Salas (Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France) F Florian Clatot A Asmahane Benmaziane Teillet C Caroline Even D Daniel Heudobler (University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany) S Simon Laban (Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany) D Daniela Dörfel M Martin Mueller (19Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Klinikum Siloah Hannover, Hannover, Germany) K Kim Marienhagen A Andreas Dietz (Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany) D David Zurmeyer C Christian Brandts (12Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany) T Tobias Albrecht P Paul-Stefan Mauz (Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany) J Jens Klussmann K Konrad Klinghammer S Sebastian Ochsenreither T Tibor Csoszi (Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary) L Laszlo Landherr E Erika Hitre G Gergely Dombovari P Peter Arkosy J Judit Oláh L Lisa Licitra M Marco Benasso V Vittorio Ferrari M Maria Ghi M Martina Violati F Franco Nole M Makoto Tahara S Sadakatsu Ikeda Y Yoshitaka Honma S Shunji Takahashi (Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science) N Nobuhiko Oridate T Tomoya Yokota (Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan) N Naoki Nishio (Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan) K Kaoru Tanaka (Kindai University Hospital, Sakai, Japan) A Akihito Tsuji (Department of Clinical Oncology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-Gun, Japan) T Tsutomu Ueda (Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan) T Takashi Kinoshita T Torahiko Nakashima T Takuma Onoe (Department of Medical Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi-Shi, Japan) S Shigenori Kadowaki (Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan) V Victor Oyervides Juarez C Carlos Hernandez Hernandez M Marinee Torres J Jorge Martinez Rodriguez D Daniel Motola Kuba D Dency Milla M Mivael Olivera Hurtado de Mendoza (Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru) W Walter Li Torres J Jose Salinas Paz C Carmen Acevedo B Boguslawa Karaszewska (Department of Oncology, Regional Polyclinical Hospital in Konin, Konin, Poland) P Piotr Koralewski D Dorota Filarska T Tomasz Rutkowski (Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland) I Izabella Debicka B Bogdan Zurawski (Department of Outpatient Chemotherapy, Professor Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz, Poland) J Jacek Mackiewicz (Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland) A Andrzej Kawecki A Anna Kedrova M Mikhail Klochikhin (Yaroslavl Regional SBIH Clinical Oncology Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russian Federation) S Sufia Safina D Denis Tantsyrev H Hyun Woo Lee S Sung-Bae Kim (Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea) S Sang Hee Cho (Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea) K Keon Uk Park Y Yoon Ho Ko K Keun-Wook Lee (Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea) I Irene Brana García M Marc Oliva Bernal L Lara Iglesias Docampo (Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain) J Julio Lambea Sorrosal (Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain) M Manuel Chaves Conde B Beatriz Castelo Fernandez R Ruey-Long Hong M Muh-Hwa Yang (Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan) Y Yi-Fang Chang C Chia-Jui Yen S Shau-Hsuan Li (Department of Hematology-Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan) A Ahmet Bilici M Muhammet Hacioglu M Muhammed Akinci H Hakan Harputluoglu S Saziye Burcak Karaca S Sercan Aksoy C Cagatay Arslan J Jessica Mason K Kevin Chiu R Robert Metcalf (The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom) K Kevin Harrington R Rafael Moleron Mancebo M Matthew Griffin (Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States) T Teresa Guerrero Urbano J Jawad Sheqwara R Robert Alter J Justine Bruce P Patrick Cobb J John Deeken A Achuta Guddati J Jerome Goldschmidt E Elizabeth Gunderson R Robert Haddad U Upendra Hegde A Antonio Jimeno R Robert Lemon S Steven McCune (6Wellstar Health System, Marietta, United States) P Prakash Neupane D Doru Paul (Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY) J Jameel Muzaffar R Rebecca Redman M Matthew Taylor (University of Colorado, Anschutz, Medical Center, Aurora) A Abirami Sivapiragasam (Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC) Y Yungpo Su (Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Nebraska Cancer Specialists, Omaha, NE) A Ammar Sukari (Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI) S Siddharth Sheth (Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC) A Alberto Bessudo D Douglas Adkins (Robert Ebert and Greg Stubblefield Head and Neck Tumor Center at Washington University School of Medicine, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, and Barnes–Jewish Hospital, St. Louis) P Paul Swiecicki (Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI) M Matthew Salzberg

Abstract

PURPOSE The PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab is approved as first-line treatment for recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC). In LEAP-010 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04199104 ), the multikinase inhibitor lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab was evaluated as first-line therapy in participants with PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) ≥1 R/M HNSCC. METHODS In this phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, participants 18 years and older with PD-L1 CPS ≥1 R/M HNSCC deemed incurable by local therapy were randomly assigned 1:1 to lenvatinib 20 mg plus pembrolizumab 200 mg IV once every 3 weeks for ≤35 cycles or placebo orally once daily plus pembrolizumab 200 mg IV once every 3 weeks for ≤35 cycles. Primary end points were objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Per the prespecified analysis plan, ORR and PFS were reported from the first interim analysis (IA1; data cutoff: July 6, 2022), and OS from IA2 (data cutoff: May 30, 2023). RESULTS Five hundred eleven participants were randomly assigned to lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab (n = 256) or placebo plus pembrolizumab (n = 255). The median time from random assignment to data cutoff was 11.5 months for IA1 and 21.3 months for IA2. At IA1, the median PFS was 6.2 months for lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus 2.8 months for placebo plus pembrolizumab (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64 [95% CI, 0.50 to 0.81]; P = .0001040); the ORR was 46.1% versus 25.4%, respectively (difference = 20.2% [95% CI, 10.5 to 29.6]; P = .0000251). At IA2, the median OS was 15.0 months for lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus 17.9 months for placebo plus pembrolizumab (HR,1.15 [95% CI, 0.91 to 1.45]; P = .882). At IA2, 170 (66.9%) participants receiving lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab had grade 3-4 all-cause adverse events compared with 97 (38.3%) participants on placebo plus pembrolizumab. CONCLUSION In participants with PD-L1 CPS ≥1 R/M HNSCC, first-line lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab significantly improved ORR and PFS, but not OS, compared with placebo plus pembrolizumab. The safety profile was consistent with published data.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 44, Issue 12
Published April 20, 2026
Pages 1098-1107
ISSN 0732-183X
Publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Journal Info

Journal of Clinical Oncology

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ISSN: 0732-183X Health Sciences

Authors (172)

T

Thiago Bueno de Oliveira

AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil

P

Paul L. Swiecicki

C

Corina Dutcus

Eisai Inc, Nutley, NJ

C

Chinyere E. Okpara

Eisai Ltd., Hatfield, United Kingdom

J

Juan Shen

Department of Marine Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University

K

Kimberly Benjamin

Merck, Rahway, NJ

B

Burak Gumuscu

Merck, Rahway, NJ

R

Robert I. Haddad

H

Hussein Soudy Hussein

M

Michael Boyer

Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney

A

Anne Taylor

J

Julia Pastorello

M

Marcio Costa

A

Adriana Valadares

T

Thiago Oliveira

L

Luciano Viana

K

Karine da Trindade

G

Gustavo Alves

A

Anna Spreafico

O

Olivier Dumas

7CHU de Quebec-Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada

N

Nathaniel Bouganim

McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada

Y

Ye Guo

Q

Qingyuan Zhang

Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China

M

Meiyu Fang

Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China

N

Ning Jia

L

Liangfang Shen

K

Kunyu Yang

N

Nianyong Chen

H

Hui Wu

Y

Ying Cheng

Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University

Z

Zhijun Yuan

X

Xiangqian Zheng

J

Jingao Li

Y

Yan Sun

G

Guangyuan Hu

S

Song Qu

C

Chaosu Hu

Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

S

Sufang Qiu

Z

Zhenhua Li

State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding-by-Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences

S

Shaoqiang Zhang

F

Feng Jin

School of Advanced Materials

G

Guoxin Ren

J

Jin Gao

J

Jinguan Lin

X

Xiaoming Huang

J

Jinsong Li

X

Xujing Lu

S

Shurong Zhang

National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University

W

Wenbin Lei

J

Jérôme Fayette

S

Sébastien Salas

Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France

F

Florian Clatot

A

Asmahane Benmaziane Teillet

C

Caroline Even

D

Daniel Heudobler

University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

S

Simon Laban

Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany

D

Daniela Dörfel

M

Martin Mueller

19Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Klinikum Siloah Hannover, Hannover, Germany

K

Kim Marienhagen

A

Andreas Dietz

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

D

David Zurmeyer

C

Christian Brandts

12Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

T

Tobias Albrecht

P

Paul-Stefan Mauz

Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

J

Jens Klussmann

K

Konrad Klinghammer

S

Sebastian Ochsenreither

T

Tibor Csoszi

Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

L

Laszlo Landherr

E

Erika Hitre

G

Gergely Dombovari

P

Peter Arkosy

J

Judit Oláh

L

Lisa Licitra

M

Marco Benasso

V

Vittorio Ferrari

M

Maria Ghi

M

Martina Violati

F

Franco Nole

M

Makoto Tahara

S

Sadakatsu Ikeda

Y

Yoshitaka Honma

S

Shunji Takahashi

Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science

N

Nobuhiko Oridate

T

Tomoya Yokota

Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan

N

Naoki Nishio

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan

K

Kaoru Tanaka

Kindai University Hospital, Sakai, Japan

A

Akihito Tsuji

Department of Clinical Oncology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-Gun, Japan

T

Tsutomu Ueda

Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan

T

Takashi Kinoshita

T

Torahiko Nakashima

T

Takuma Onoe

Department of Medical Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi-Shi, Japan

S

Shigenori Kadowaki

Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan

V

Victor Oyervides Juarez

C

Carlos Hernandez Hernandez

M

Marinee Torres

J

Jorge Martinez Rodriguez

D

Daniel Motola Kuba

D

Dency Milla

M

Mivael Olivera Hurtado de Mendoza

Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru

W

Walter Li Torres

J

Jose Salinas Paz

C

Carmen Acevedo

B

Boguslawa Karaszewska

Department of Oncology, Regional Polyclinical Hospital in Konin, Konin, Poland

P

Piotr Koralewski

D

Dorota Filarska

T

Tomasz Rutkowski

Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

I

Izabella Debicka

B

Bogdan Zurawski

Department of Outpatient Chemotherapy, Professor Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz, Poland

J

Jacek Mackiewicz

Cancer Genetic Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland

A

Andrzej Kawecki

A

Anna Kedrova

M

Mikhail Klochikhin

Yaroslavl Regional SBIH Clinical Oncology Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russian Federation

S

Sufia Safina

D

Denis Tantsyrev

H

Hyun Woo Lee

S

Sung-Bae Kim

Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

S

Sang Hee Cho

Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea

K

Keon Uk Park

Y

Yoon Ho Ko

K

Keun-Wook Lee

Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea

I

Irene Brana García

M

Marc Oliva Bernal

L

Lara Iglesias Docampo

Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain

J

Julio Lambea Sorrosal

Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain

M

Manuel Chaves Conde

B

Beatriz Castelo Fernandez

R

Ruey-Long Hong

M

Muh-Hwa Yang

Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

Y

Yi-Fang Chang

C

Chia-Jui Yen

S

Shau-Hsuan Li

Department of Hematology-Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

A

Ahmet Bilici

M

Muhammet Hacioglu

M

Muhammed Akinci

H

Hakan Harputluoglu

S

Saziye Burcak Karaca

S

Sercan Aksoy

C

Cagatay Arslan

J

Jessica Mason

K

Kevin Chiu

R

Robert Metcalf

The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom

K

Kevin Harrington

R

Rafael Moleron Mancebo

M

Matthew Griffin

Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, United States

T

Teresa Guerrero Urbano

J

Jawad Sheqwara

R

Robert Alter

J

Justine Bruce

P

Patrick Cobb

J

John Deeken

A

Achuta Guddati

J

Jerome Goldschmidt

E

Elizabeth Gunderson

R

Robert Haddad

U

Upendra Hegde

A

Antonio Jimeno

R

Robert Lemon

S

Steven McCune

6Wellstar Health System, Marietta, United States

P

Prakash Neupane

D

Doru Paul

Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY

J

Jameel Muzaffar

R

Rebecca Redman

M

Matthew Taylor

University of Colorado, Anschutz, Medical Center, Aurora

A

Abirami Sivapiragasam

Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC

Y

Yungpo Su

Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Nebraska Cancer Specialists, Omaha, NE

A

Ammar Sukari

Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI

S

Siddharth Sheth

Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC

A

Alberto Bessudo

D

Douglas Adkins

Robert Ebert and Greg Stubblefield Head and Neck Tumor Center at Washington University School of Medicine, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, and Barnes–Jewish Hospital, St. Louis

P

Paul Swiecicki

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI

M

Matthew Salzberg