Path loss characterization of a compact dual-band mmWave antenna in urban microenvironments

Abstract

This work presents a compact dual-band millimeter wave (mmWave) antenna that operates at 17–27 GHz and 36–43 GHz, with resonance frequencies centred at 21.1 GHz and 38.3 GHz, respectively. The multiple embedded arc-shaped mmWave antenna geometry provides compact, effective dual-band operation. The concentric arcs of the antenna structure are effectively optimized to produce a dual band of operation with good impedance matching. The resulting antenna has gain of 4.8 dBi at 26 GHz and 6.1 dBi at 37 GHz frequencies. The developed antenna is intended for widespread usage in satellite and 5G networks. Despite providing significant bandwidth for 5G and other next-generation communication systems, mmWave frequencies are susceptible to path loss, particularly in congested urban areas. This study further investigates the performance of the designed dual-band mmWave antennas in various urban environments. Both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) scenarios are considered to capture realistic deployment conditions. To accurately model propagation behaviour, the analysis incorporates the ABG and CI path-loss models, which comprehensively account for environmental factors such as shadowing, diffraction, and precipitation.