PAM-VT 2 Study: Long-Term Scar Evolution and Ablation Lesion Assessment by Late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiac Magnetic Resonance After Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR) is useful for identifying ventricular tachycardia (VT) substrate in patients with structural heart disease. While preprocedural LGE-CMR is widely used for planning, the role of postprocedural LGE-CMR in evaluating VT ablation success and long-term scar evolution has been less explored. This study aimed to prospectively and systematically assess the long-term evolution of scar and ablation lesions using serial postablation LGE-CMR with long-term follow-up. METHODS: This prospective study included 51 patients (mean age, 65.2±9.8 years; men, 95.8%; ischemic heart disease, 83%; left ventricular ejection fraction, 34.5±10.4%) undergoing their first substrate-based VT ablation between March 2019 and July 2020. Preprocedural LGE-CMR and 2 postprocedural scans at 3 to 6 months (CMR-1) and 18 to 24 months (CMR-2) were performed. Scar characteristics, including core scar, border zone, and conducting channels, were analyzed. VT recurrence was monitored, and factors associated with recurrence were evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model. A Kaplan-Meier curve was used to represent the VT-free survival function. RESULTS: Core scar mass increased significantly from baseline to CMR-1 (12.2±1.5 to 19.8±1.6 g, P <0.01) and remained stable at CMR-2. In contrast, the border zone decreased significantly over time (pre, 25.3±1.8 g; CMR-1, 20.8±2.0 g; CMR-2, 16.7±2.1 g; P <0.01). A significant decrease in conducting channels was noted after ablation and persisted at CMR-2 (pre, mean 2.4±0.2/median 2 [interquartile range, 1–3]; CMR-1, mean 1.4±0.2/median 1 [interquartile range, 0–1]; CMR-2, mean 1.6±1.0/median 1 [interquartile range, 0–1]; P <0.001). VT recurrence occurred in 29.4% of patients during a median follow-up of 3.1 years. The number of conducting channels at CMR-1 and their relative reduction from baseline were related to VT recurrence. The persistence of 2 or more conducting channels at CMR-1 was associated with a higher recurrence rate: 75.6 versus 19.5% (hazard ratio [HR]; 4.1; 95% CI, 2.4–12.1; P =0.012). Evidence of favorable left ventricular remodeling was observed, with a significant reduction in left ventricular volume at CMR-2 (131.8±8.6 mL; CMR-1, 156.7±8.1 mL and 160.8±7.6 mL at baseline <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Postablation LGE-CMR reveals durable changes in scar characteristics, with early scar evaluation at 3 to 6 months strongly associated with long-term VT recurrence. The reduction in scar heterogeneity and conducting channels is sustained over time, underscoring the usefulness of LGE-CMR for assessing ablation success. Additionally, VT ablation appeared to be associated with favorable reverse remodeling, highlighting potential benefits beyond arrhythmia control. These findings support the use of LGE-CMR for personalized management following VT ablation.
Article Details
Authors (23)
Ivo Roca-Luque
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Paz Garre
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Sara Vázquez-Calvo
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
José Tomás Ortiz-Pérez
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Susana Prat-González
Center for Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (S.P.-G., R.J.P.).
Rosario Jesús Perea
Center for Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (S.P.-G., R.J.P.).
Pasquale Valerio Falzone
Hospital del Mar (P.V.F.).
Jean-Baptiste Guichard
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Mariona Regany-Closa
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Till F. Althoff
German Heart Center of the Charite Berlin (T.F.A.).
Eduard Guasch
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Jose María Tolosana
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Elena Arbelo
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Paula Sánchez-Somonte
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Levio Quinto
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Roger Borràs
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Rebeca Domingo
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Mireia Niebla
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Ana García-Álvarez
Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid
Marta Sitges
Josep Brugada
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Lluís Mont
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).
Andreu Porta-Sánchez
Arrhythmia Section, Department of Cardiology, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular (ICCV), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona & Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain (I.R.-L, P.G., S.V.-C., J.T.O-P, J.-B.G., M.R.-C., E.G., J.-M.T., E.A., P.S.-S., L.Q., R.B., R.D., M.N., J.B., L.M., A.P.-S.).