Observation and characterization of periodic structure formation in dielectric breakdown channels of electron-irradiated polymethyl methacrylate

N Nick R. Schwartz (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) B Bryson C. Clifford (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) C Carolyn Chun (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) E Emily H. Frashure (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) K Kathryn M. Sturge (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) N Noah Hoppis (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) H Holly Wilson (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) M Meryl Wiratmo (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) J Jack R. FitzGibbon (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) E Ethan T. Basinger (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) B Brian L. Beaudoin (Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland 2 , College Park, Maryland 20742,) R Raymond J. Phaneuf J John Cumings T Timothy W. Koeth (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,)

Abstract

Dielectric breakdown of insulators is a common failure mode in high-radiation environments and could be used for novel materials processing, but the mechanisms governing channel formation remain poorly understood. When electron-irradiated polymethyl methacrylate undergoes breakdown, the resulting channels exhibit striking periodic structures in the recently identified ivy-mode channels. Optical and electron microscopy revealed the presence of a boundary region that is also periodic, and Raman spectroscopy determined that carbon deposition correlates with channel width variations. We therefore conclude that the instability must occur during the plasma discharge phase. We systematically evaluated three candidate instability mechanisms and demonstrate that the z-pinch entropy mode governs the formation of periodic structures in the breakdown channels. This work represents, to our knowledge, the first direct observation of plasma instabilities creating persistent morphological features in solids. Our findings establish a predictive framework for discharge characteristics in insulators.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 139, Issue 1
Published January 07, 2026
ISSN 0021-8979
Publisher American Institute of Physics

Journal Info

Journal of Applied Physics

American Institute of Physics

ISSN: 0021-8979 Physical Sciences

Authors (14)

N

Nick R. Schwartz

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

B

Bryson C. Clifford

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

C

Carolyn Chun

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

E

Emily H. Frashure

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

K

Kathryn M. Sturge

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

N

Noah Hoppis

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

H

Holly Wilson

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

M

Meryl Wiratmo

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

J

Jack R. FitzGibbon

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

E

Ethan T. Basinger

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

B

Brian L. Beaudoin

Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland 2 , College Park, Maryland 20742,

R

Raymond J. Phaneuf

J

John Cumings

T

Timothy W. Koeth

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland 1 , College Park, Maryland 20742,