Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-<i>Q</i> resonators below 300 MHz
Abstract
We present the limits on noise for the readout of cryogenic high-Q resonators using dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) below 300 MHz. This analysis uses realized first-stage SQUIDs (previously published), whose performance is well described by Tesche–Clarke (TC) theory, coupled directly to the resonators. We also present data from a prototype second-stage dc SQUID array designed to couple to this first-stage SQUID as a follow-on amplifier with high system bandwidth. This analysis is the first full consideration of dc SQUID noise performance referred to a high-Q resonator over this frequency range and is presented relative to the standard quantum limit. We include imprecision, backaction, and backaction–imprecision noise correlations from TC theory, the noise contributed by the second-stage SQUIDs, wiring, and preamplifiers, and optimizations for both on-resonance measurements and off-resonance scan sensitivity. This architecture has modern relevance due to the increased interest in axion searches and the requirements of the DMRadio-m3 axion search, which uses dc SQUIDs in this frequency range.
Article Details
Journal Info
Journal of Applied Physics
American Institute of Physics
Authors (41)
V. Ankel
Department of Physics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA 94305,
C. Bartram
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025,
J. Begin
Department of Physics, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, NJ 08544,
C. Bell
Department of Physics, Arizona State University 3 , Tempe, Arizona 85287,
L. Brouwer
Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 5 , Berkeley, CA 94720,
S. Chaudhuri
Department of Physics, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, NJ 08544,
John Clarke
Department of Physics, University of California 6 , Berkeley, CA 94720,
H.-M. Cho
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, CA 94305,
J. Corbin
Department of Physics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA 94305,
W. Craddock
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center 3 , Menlo Park, CA 94025,
S. Cuadra
Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7 , Cambridge, MA 02139,
A. Droster
Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California 8 , Berkeley, CA 94720,
M. Durkin
National Institute of Standards and Technology 9 , Boulder, CO 80305,
J. Echevers
Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California 8 , Berkeley, CA 94720,
J. T. Fry
Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7 , Cambridge, MA 02139,
G. Hilton
National Institute of Standards and Technology 9 , Boulder, CO 80305,
K. D. Irwin
Department of Physics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA 94305,
A. Keller
R. Kolevatov
Department of Physics, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, NJ 08544,
A. Kunder
Department of Physics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA 94305,
D. Li
N. Otto
Department of Physics, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, NJ 08544,
K. M. W. Pappas
Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7 , Cambridge, MA 02139,
N. M. Rapidis
Department of Physics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA 94305,
C. P. Salemi
Department of Physics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA 94305,
D. Schmidt
National Institute of Standards and Technology 9 , Boulder, CO 80305,
M. Simanovskaia
Department of Physics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA 94305,
J. Singh
P. Stark
Department of Physics, Stanford University 3 , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305,
C. D. Tesche
Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico 11 , Albuquerque, NM 87131-1161,
J. Ullom
Quantum Sensors Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology 1 , Boulder, Colorado 80305,
L. Vale
Quantum Sensors Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology 1 , Boulder, Colorado 80305,
E. C. van Assendelft
Department of Physics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA 94305,
K. van Bibber
Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California 8 , Berkeley, CA 94720,
M. Vissers
National Institute of Standards and Technology 2 , Boulder, Colorado 80305,
K. Wells
Department of Physics, Stanford University 1 , Stanford, CA 94305,
J. Wiedemann
Department of Physics, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, NJ 08544,
L. Winslow
Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7 , Cambridge, MA 02139,
D. Wright
A. K. Yi
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025,
B. A. Young
Department of Physics, Santa Clara University 14 , Santa Clara, CA 95053,