Neurocognitive characterization of behaviour and mental illness through time-varying brain network analysis

X Xiao Chang (Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics) T Tianye Jia Z Zening Fu S Shitong Xiang Y Yunman Xia C Chao Xie J Jiyan Zou M Miao Cao J Jie Zhang T Tobias Banaschewski A Arun L. W. Bokde S Sylvane Desrivieres H Herta Flor A Antoine Grigis H Hugh Garavan (Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont) P Penny Gowland A Andreas Heinz R Rüdiger Brühl J Jean-Luc Martinot M Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot E Eric Artiges F Frauke Nees D Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos V Vincent Frouin S Sarah Hohmann C Christian Baeuchl V Vince D. Calhoun L Luise Poustka M Michael N. Smolka N Nilakshi Vaidya H Henrik Walter R Robert Whelan J Jianfeng Feng G Gunter Schumann

Abstract

Abstract Human cognitive processing involves dynamic interactions across brain regions, evolving over time. Traditional neuroimaging analysis often overlooks this temporal aspect, limiting insights into how functional network connectivity (FNC) supports ongoing cognition and behaviour. Using sliding window analysis, we captured FNC changes during tasks, reflecting network reconfiguration in cognitive processes. We further determined behavioural relevance of time-varying FNC by relating network measurements with task performances and psychopathology. We found that several whole-brain FNC patterns, or states, persist across resting and task-based fMRI, with state occurrences fluctuating with the most prominent task stimuli. Regional FNC distinguishes specific task conditions, and time-varying FNC explains more variance in psychopathology symptoms compared to static connectivity. These findings highlight that cognitive tasks reshape regional and whole-brain connectivity. By considering the different FNC states, time-varying connectivity provides a more comprehensive representation of brain interactions and thus may represent a better neural proxy for cognition and behaviour.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 17, Issue 1
Published February 03, 2026
ISSN 2041-1723
Publisher Nature Portfolio

Journal Info

Nature Communications

Nature Portfolio

ISSN: 2041-1723 Open Access Life Sciences

Authors (34)

X

Xiao Chang

Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics

T

Tianye Jia

Z

Zening Fu

S

Shitong Xiang

Y

Yunman Xia

C

Chao Xie

J

Jiyan Zou

M

Miao Cao

J

Jie Zhang

T

Tobias Banaschewski

A

Arun L. W. Bokde

S

Sylvane Desrivieres

H

Herta Flor

A

Antoine Grigis

H

Hugh Garavan

Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont

P

Penny Gowland

A

Andreas Heinz

R

Rüdiger Brühl

J

Jean-Luc Martinot

M

Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot

E

Eric Artiges

F

Frauke Nees

D

Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos

V

Vincent Frouin

S

Sarah Hohmann

C

Christian Baeuchl

V

Vince D. Calhoun

L

Luise Poustka

M

Michael N. Smolka

N

Nilakshi Vaidya

H

Henrik Walter

R

Robert Whelan

J

Jianfeng Feng

G

Gunter Schumann