Multiplexed and high-bandwidth DNA computing circuits with superresolution DNA origami displays

Z Zhongchao Jin (State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University) Y Yuqing Tang (State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University) S Sisi Jia (Zhangjiang Laboratory) Z Zheze Dai (State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University) Z Zhikun Zhao (State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study and National Center for Translational Medicine) J Jiang Li (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica) K Kai Xia (Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Biosemiconductors) J Jun Liu K Ke Ke (Lenovo Research, Lenovo Group) H Hui Lv (Institute of Materiobiology, College of Sciences) Q Qian Li F Fei Wang C Chunhai Fan (State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study and National Center for Translational Medicine)

Abstract

DNA computing circuits leverage molecular interactions to construct a highly parallel and biologically compatible information processing paradigm. However, their development has been constrained by a critical gap between intrinsic computational parallelism and the limited readout bandwidth. Multibit outputs from complex circuits often require multiple separate tests, limiting the integration and debugging efficiency. Here, we overcome this bottleneck by decoupling computation from readout via a DNA origami display-based interface by integrating strand displacement and unstable binding reactions. We convert multibit molecular outputs from DNA circuits into spatially resolved geometric bits, enabling direct visualization via superresolution microscopy for high-throughput readout. We experimentally demonstrated the direct readout of an 8-bit decoder circuit and simultaneous display of 16 parallel-running logic gates. This high-bandwidth platform unlocks capabilities in circuit debugging and multiplexed execution, paving the way for large-scale DNA computing and high-throughput biosensing.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 122, Issue 46
Published November 18, 2025
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (13)

Z

Zhongchao Jin

State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Y

Yuqing Tang

State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

S

Sisi Jia

Zhangjiang Laboratory

Z

Zheze Dai

State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Z

Zhikun Zhao

State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study and National Center for Translational Medicine

J

Jiang Li

State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica

K

Kai Xia

Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Biosemiconductors

J

Jun Liu

K

Ke Ke

Lenovo Research, Lenovo Group

H

Hui Lv

Institute of Materiobiology, College of Sciences

Q

Qian Li

F

Fei Wang

C

Chunhai Fan

State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study and National Center for Translational Medicine