Modulating the PPARγ pathway upregulates NECTIN4 and enhances chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in bladder cancer

K Kevin Chang H Henry M. Delavan E Elizabeth Yip C Corynn Kasap J Jun Zhu (Wuxi EliTe Solar Co., Wuxi, China.) R Roshan Lodha S Sheng-You Liao S Sarah C. Berman A Alberto Carretero-Gonzalez M Merve Basar G Gamze Gokturk Ozcan M Min Yuen Teo (From the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (A.B.A., N.S., S.N., L.L., L.C.), the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore (J.H.-C.), and the Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville (H.S., E.S.) — all in Maryland; the Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.V.B., M.O., C.M., G.P.B.); AdventHealth Cancer Institute and the University of Central Florida, Orlando (G.S.); Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston (S.B., B.M.); UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill (W.Y.K.), and Duke University Medical Center and Duke Cancer Institute, Durham (J.H., S.H.) — both in North Carolina; the University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood (R.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (M.Y.T., M.J.M., J.E.R.), and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.C.) — both in...) D David B. Solit J Jonathan E. Rosenberg (Genitourinary Oncology Service Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA) H Hikmat Al-Ahmadie C Cornelia C. K. Ding E Emily Chan V Veronica Steri S Sima P. Porten V Vadim S. Koshkin (Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine University of California‐San Francisco San Francisco California USA) T Terence W. Friedlander F Felix Y. Feng J John K. Lee A Arun P. Wiita C Carissa E. Chu J Jonathan Chou (Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California)

Abstract

Abstract With the approval of the antibody-drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin (EV), NECTIN4 has emerged as a bona fide therapeutic target in urothelial carcinoma (UC). Here, we report the development of a NECTIN4-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell, which exhibits reactivity across cells expressing a range of endogenous NECTIN4, with enhanced activity in high expressors. We demonstrate that the PPARγ pathway, critical for luminal differentiation, transcriptionally controls NECTIN4, and that the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone primes and augments NECTIN4 expression, thereby increasing sensitivity to NECTIN4-CAR T cell-mediated killing. NECTIN4-CAR T cells have potent anti-tumor activity even against EV resistant cells, which largely retain NECTIN4 expression, including in a post-EV biopsy cohort. Our results elucidate a therapeutically actionable mechanism that UC cells use to control NECTIN4 expression and suggest therapeutic approaches that leverage PPARγ agonists for rational combinations with NECTIN4-targeting agents in UC, as well as future potential treatment options for EV-refractory patients.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 16, Issue 1
Published September 10, 2025
ISSN 2041-1723
Publisher Nature Portfolio

Journal Info

Nature Communications

Nature Portfolio

ISSN: 2041-1723 Open Access Life Sciences

Authors (26)

K

Kevin Chang

H

Henry M. Delavan

E

Elizabeth Yip

C

Corynn Kasap

J

Jun Zhu

Wuxi EliTe Solar Co., Wuxi, China.

R

Roshan Lodha

S

Sheng-You Liao

S

Sarah C. Berman

A

Alberto Carretero-Gonzalez

M

Merve Basar

G

Gamze Gokturk Ozcan

M

Min Yuen Teo

From the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (A.B.A., N.S., S.N., L.L., L.C.), the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore (J.H.-C.), and the Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville (H.S., E.S.) — all in Maryland; the Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.V.B., M.O., C.M., G.P.B.); AdventHealth Cancer Institute and the University of Central Florida, Orlando (G.S.); Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston (S.B., B.M.); UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill (W.Y.K.), and Duke University Medical Center and Duke Cancer Institute, Durham (J.H., S.H.) — both in North Carolina; the University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood (R.P.); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (M.Y.T., M.J.M., J.E.R.), and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.C.) — both in...

D

David B. Solit

J

Jonathan E. Rosenberg

Genitourinary Oncology Service Department of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA

H

Hikmat Al-Ahmadie

C

Cornelia C. K. Ding

E

Emily Chan

V

Veronica Steri

S

Sima P. Porten

V

Vadim S. Koshkin

Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine University of California‐San Francisco San Francisco California USA

T

Terence W. Friedlander

F

Felix Y. Feng

J

John K. Lee

A

Arun P. Wiita

C

Carissa E. Chu

J

Jonathan Chou

Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California