MHC-I diversity enables rapid adaptation during a viral pandemic in wild rabbit populations

Y Yexin Zhang (Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge) J Jonathan P. Day (Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge) M Marina Lirintzi (Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge) J Jiayi Ji (Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London) C Clive A. Tregaskes (Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge) M Miguel Carneiro (CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto) J Joel M. Alves (The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford) T Tanja Strive (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Acton) J Jim Kaufman (Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh) F Francis M. Jiggins (Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge)

Abstract

Emerging diseases can have devastating consequences for wild species, with long-term effects depending on the ability of the host to evolve resistance. Here, we show that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes provided standing genetic variation that enabled rabbits to mount a rapid evolutionary response to the myxoma virus pandemic that began in the 1950s. Using historical and modern specimens starting in 1865 and spanning the pandemic, we found strong parallel shifts in MHC-I allele frequencies across Australia, Britain, and France, alongside population-specific signals. These evolutionary shifts are predicted to alter the peptides presented to T cells. Our results provide evidence that MHC-I is under strong selection in natural populations during a pandemic and that the high polymorphism of MHC may have contributed to the recovery of these populations.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 123, Issue 20
Published May 19, 2026
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (10)

Y

Yexin Zhang

Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge

J

Jonathan P. Day

Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge

M

Marina Lirintzi

Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge

J

Jiayi Ji

Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London

C

Clive A. Tregaskes

Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge

M

Miguel Carneiro

CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto

J

Joel M. Alves

The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford

T

Tanja Strive

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Acton

J

Jim Kaufman

Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh

F

Francis M. Jiggins

Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge