Metrology for femtosecond pulsed x-ray heating in diamond anvil cell experiments at the European XFEL: Revisiting the iron phase diagram up to 150 GPa
Abstract
The development of pulsed intense x-ray sources, such as free electron laser, offers new avenues for high pressure experiments. Here, we study the feasibility and metrology of x-ray heating in diamond anvil cells at the European x-ray free electron laser. This method enables one to volumetrically heat the sample while inhibiting chemical migration and probing the crystallographic structure of the sample throughout the heating with a high repetition rate. We focus our study on iron, whose phase diagram is well established up to 100 GPa, to explore the possibilities and limitations of this technique. We volumetrically heat iron samples at starting pressures ranging from 10 to 138 GPa, using the x-ray beam pulsed at 4.5 MHz in a serial pump-and-probe experimental design. Experimental challenges arise from temperature gradients within the sample, changes in temperature at the 100 ns timescale, the difficulty of direct temperature estimates, the effect of thermal pressure, and the presence of metastable crystallites due to rapid cycles of heating and cooling. Hence, we develop a multi-crystal-like data processing method that allows us to account for sample heterogeneity in probed conditions. We then calibrate our measurements using known physical properties of iron under pressure. Thermal pressure in our experiments increases from 4% of the isochoric prediction at 10 GPa to 23% at 138 GPa, and we show that our data are in agreement with most previous observations of iron in this pressure range. The method can now be implemented at higher pressures and temperatures and on materials with unknown phase diagrams.
Article Details
Journal Info
Journal of Applied Physics
American Institute of Physics
Authors (35)
Hélène Ginestet
Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations 1 , F-59000 Lille,
Rachel J. Husband
Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESY Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
Nicolas Jaisle
Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy University of Edinburgh King's Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FD UK
Eric Edmund
Earth and Planets Laboratory Carnegie Institution for Science 5241 Broad Branch Rd., NW Washington DC 20015 USA
Zuzana Konôpková
European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
Cornelius Strohm
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
Madden S. Anae
Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University 7 , Stony Brook, New York 11794-2100,
Daniele Antonangeli
Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC) 8 , Paris,
Karen Appel
Orianna B. Ball
SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC), The University of Edinburgh 4 , Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD,
Marzena Baron
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP) 9 , 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris,
Silvia Boccato
Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC) 8 , Paris,
Khachiwan Buakor
European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
Julien Chantel
Hyunchae Cynn
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate 10 , Livermore, California 94550,
Anand P. Dwivedi
Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science 5 , 5251 Broad Branch Rd., Washington, DC 20015,
Heinz Graafsma
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
Egor Koemets
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford 11 , 3 South Parks Road, OX1 3AN Oxford,
Torsten Laurus
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
Hauke Marquardt
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford 11 , 3 South Parks Road, OX1 3AN Oxford,
Bernhard Massani
University of Edinburgh , , ,
James D. McHardy
SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC), The University of Edinburgh 4 , Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD,
Malcolm I. McMahon
SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC), The University of Edinburgh 4 , Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD,
Vitali Prakapenka
University of Chicago , , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , , ,
Jolanta Sztuk-Dambietz
European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
Minxue Tang
European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
Tianqi Xie
Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University 7 , Stony Brook, New York 11794-2100,
Zena Younes
Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy University of Edinburgh King's Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FD UK
Ulf Zastrau
Alexander F. Goncharov
The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science 2 , Washington, District of Columbia 20015,
Clemens Prescher
Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences—Geomaterials and Crystalline Materials, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg 15 , Hermann-Herder Str. 5, 79104 Freiburg,
Agnès Dewaele
CEA, DAM, DIF 16 , 91297 Arpajon,
R. Stewart McWilliams
The School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions
Guillaume Morard
Sébastien Merkel
Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations 2 , 59000 Lille,