Mechanically Induced Nickel‐Catalyst Activation in Cross‐Coupling Reactions by Abrasion

Abstract

Abstract In this study, we unravel the noninnocent role of mechanical abrasion in mechanochemical cross‐coupling reactions catalyzed by nickel salts, demonstrating that abrasion of stainless steel in ball milling efficiently activates nickel catalysts even in the absence of piezoelectric redox materials or intentionally added zerovalent‐metal reductants. The abrasion is facilitated by the addition of solid additives, which include Celite, BaTiO 3 , MgO, diamond, and tungsten carbide powders. Detailed scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed the formation of zerovalent iron‐ and chromium‐coated heterogeneous particles during ball milling, which activate nickel salts catalyzing cross‐coupling reactions. These findings challenge the common view of ball‐milling equipment as being an inert material, demonstrating the importance of mechanical phenomena along with the chemical composition of ball‐milling materials typically used in catalytic reactions.