Lithiophilic‐Gradient, Li ⁺ Supplementary Interphase Design for Lean Lithium Metal Batteries

Abstract

Abstract The practicability of anode‐less/free lithiummetal batteries (LMBs) is impeded by unregulated dendrite formation on thedeposition substrate. Herein, this study presents a lithiophilic‐gradient, layer‐stacked interfacial design for the lean lithium metal battery (LLMB) model. Engineered via a facile wet‐chemistry approach, the high entropy metalphosphide (HEMP) particles with tunable lithiophilic species are dispersedwithin reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Moreover, a poly (vinylidene fluoride co‐hexafluoropropylenepolymer) (PVDF‐HFP), blended with molten Li at the tailorable amounts, forms aLi supplementary top layer through a layer‐transfer printing technique. Theintegrated layer (HEMP@RGO‐MTL@PH) not only regulates the dendrite‐free lithiumdeposition towards the Cu substrate up to 10 mAh cm −2 , but also maintains robust cyclability of the symmetric cell at 5 mA cm −2 even under 83% depth of discharge. As pairing the modified Cu foil with the LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 cathode (NCM811, 16.9 mg cm −2 , double sided, N/P ratio of 0.21) in the 200 mAh pouch cell, achieves gravimetric energy densities of 414.7 Wh kg −1 , power output of 977.1 W kg −1 , as well as highly reversible phasic evolutionmonitored in operando. This gradient interfacial strategy can promotethe commercialization of energy/power‐dense energy storage solutions.