Interfacial Energetics Reconstruction via Bridging Engineering for Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Abstract

ABSTRACT Energy losses at perovskite/C 60 interface, stemming from energetic mismatch due to suboptimal interfacial contact, critically restricts the performance and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we introduce nitromethyl phenyl sulfone (NMePS) to comprehensively optimize interfacial states, thereby minimizing energy losses of devices. Leveraging the bridging effect, NMePS not only significantly reduces the trap state density in perovskite films, but also yields a superior morphology conducive to subsequent C 60 deposition. More importantly, NMePS provides additional π–π interaction sites and modulates the chemical state of C 60 to promote the uniform dispersion and compact stacking of C 60 electron transport layer (ETL). The resulting perovskite/C 60 interface also enables favorable energy alignment through tailoring the electronic properties, which further optimizes charge transport dynamics. Thus, the inherent interfacial nonradiative recombination is effectively suppressed via interfacial energetic reconstruction, leading to significantly mitigated performance degradation. Consequently, NMePS‐modified devices achieve efficiencies of 26.87% (0.045 cm 2 ) and 25.06% (1.00 cm 2 ), while demonstrating exceptional long‐term stability ( T 90 > 2600 h, 30°C), thermal stability ( T 80 > 500 h, 85°C) and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) stability ( T 90 > 1200 h, 30°C). Encouragingly, the 655.2 cm 2 active‐area solar module with NMePS modification delivers a remarkable efficiency of 19.28%, demonstrating its tremendous potential for up‐scaling.