Interactively addressable organic metadevices

Abstract

Abstract Active, pixel-level addressability is central to the realization of metadevices with programmable wavefront control. However, two-dimensional operation at visible wavelengths remains challenging, as reducing metasurface pixel dimensions imposes increasing constraints on electrical interconnect design and local tunability. Here, we demonstrate interactively addressable organic metadevices, in which ultrathin polyaniline is conformally integrated with plasmonic nanoantennas to yield individually switchable metasurface pixels with localized electrochemical modulation. Using a planar fan-out architecture, we realize two-dimensional metasurface arrays, in which each pixel is electronically isolated and driven at sub-volt voltages, enabling millisecond-scale switching dynamics. Embedded within a user-driven electronic control loop, the platform converts user inputs into pixel-level voltage patterns to generate reconfigurable holographic projections, supporting functionalities ranging from alphanumeric character rendering to interactive gaming. Pixel-resolved measurements reveal uniform electrochemical behaviour, negligible electrical crosstalk, and stable operation across dynamically evolving holographic scenes. Our results establish organic metasurfaces as a promising route toward user-programmable and interactively addressable photonic systems.