Individual differences in affect: explaining work environment perceptions and later wellbeing

Abstract

Abstract Individual differences in employees’ affective dispositions influence how they perceive the work environment and report their well-being. A recurring challenge in this literature is that self-reported measures of working conditions and well-being cannot easily distinguish objective environmental features from the perceptual lens through which employees report them. Using a large, stratified sample of Danish employees (T1 N  = 3970; T2 N  = 2375) and the Danish Psychosocial Questionnaire, we quantified the extent to which positive and negative affect account for associations between work environment perceptions and employee well-being. Partial correlations, both cross-sectional and longitudinal over six months, showed that two brief affect measures accounted for an average of 73–75% of the observed associations. These findings suggest that a substantial portion of commonly reported work environment-well-being associations reflects stable individual differences in affective dispositions rather than objective environmental conditions—with direct implications for how self-report surveys are designed and interpreted in research and practice.