In Situ Synchronized SERS‐SEIRAS Unveils Cation‐Regulated Interfacial Water and Intermediates in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

X Xiao‐Xuan Huang (College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China) Y Yao‐Hui Wang (College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China) J Jianmin Su (College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China) L Ling‐Yun Hu (College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China) H Hong‐Jia Wang (College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China) J Jia‐Sheng Lin (College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Quanzhou Normal University Quanzhou China) X Xia‐Guang Zhang (Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang China) J Jian‐Feng Li (College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China)

Abstract

ABSTRACT Interfacial water plays a crucial yet poorly understood role in the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by modulating the adsorption of oxygen intermediates and mediating proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET). However, the lack of techniques to dynamically correlate interfacial water with adsorbed intermediates makes it difficult to elucidate the mechanism governing the evolution of intermediate species. Here, we report a synchronized, site‐consistent SERS–SEIRAS platform that tracks interfacial water and surface‐adsorbed species (OOH ad and OH ad ) in real time during cation‐dependent ORR. Our results show that decreasing cation hydration energy induces the formation of an interfacial water layer with weak hydrogen bonding, low orientation constraints, and high dynamic flexibility, which diminishes its interactions with OOH ad and OH ad . This structure enhances water and oxygen transport and weakens OH ad solvation, thereby reducing OH ad coverage and accelerating the final PCET step. Our results reveal how cations reshape the interfacial hydrogen‐bond network to control ORR kinetics. More broadly, this work demonstrates the power of multi‐spectroscopic coupling for probing dynamic electrocatalytic interfaces and offers a strategy for improving catalyst performance via electrolyte and interface engineering.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 1, Issue 1
Published June 13, 2026
ISSN 1433-7851
Publisher Wiley

Journal Info

Angewandte Chemie International Edition

Wiley

ISSN: 1433-7851 Physical Sciences

Authors (8)

X

Xiao‐Xuan Huang

College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China

Y

Yao‐Hui Wang

College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China

J

Jianmin Su

College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China

L

Ling‐Yun Hu

College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China

H

Hong‐Jia Wang

College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China

J

Jia‐Sheng Lin

College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Quanzhou Normal University Quanzhou China

X

Xia‐Guang Zhang

Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang China

J

Jian‐Feng Li

College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Energy and College of Physical Science and Technology Xiamen University Xiamen China