Half-quantized layer hall effect as a probe of quantized axion field

Abstract

Abstract The axion insulator is a topological phase characterized by a quantized axion field, which manifests as a half-quantized anomalous Hall conductance (AHC) localized on individual surface layers. Experimental realization of this effect has remained elusive because opposite surface contributions typically cancel. We engineered magnetic axion insulator heterostructures using molecular beam epitaxy. By positioning the Fermi level asymmetrically, we isolated one topological surface state within the magnetic gap while displacing the other into a metallic regime. This technique reliably produced a half-quantized layer-resolved AHC of e ²/2  h , termed the half-quantized layer Hall effect (LHE), across both parallel and antiparallel magnetization configurations in over ten devices. Our findings provide direct electrical evidence of the half-quantized LHE, a boundary signature of the quantized axion field in the bulk, which resolves a key challenge in the experimental verification of this topological quantum state and establishes a framework for spatially engineering quantized topological response.