Graph statistics theory of individualized quantitative genetics under haplotype-resolved genome assembly

L Lidan Sun (State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University) Y Yangyang Bian (Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications) D Dengcheng Yang (Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications) R Runtian Miao (State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University) Y Yihan Meng (Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications) J Jincan Che (Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications) Z Ziwei Li Z Zimo Li (State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University) H Haoning Wang (State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University) S Shuang Wu J Juan Meng (State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University) Y Yu Wang C Christopher Griffin (Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University) S Shing-Tung Yau (Yau Mathematical Sciences Center, Jingzhai, Tsinghua University) R Rongling Wu (Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications)

Abstract

Quantitative genetics is essential for genetic dissection of complex traits, yet the existing theory fails to illustrate a comprehensive landscape of genetic control mechanisms driving phenotypic variation and evolution. Here, we develop a statistical approach to assemble all genome loci into omnigenic interactome networks from diplotyped sequencing data. Such networks can not only capture dominance, epistasis, and pleiotropy and leverage these genetic concepts as bidirectional, signed, and weighted interactions among alleles and nonalleles, but also establish a framework for dissecting the genetic architecture of any single individual. While traditional approaches can only estimate coarse-grained genetic parameters at the population level, our approach can portray a fine-grained picture involving how each allele acts and interacts with every other allele for a single individual, thus facilitating its genome editing and genome engineering. By analyzing transcriptomic data of two diplotyped cultivars of a woody plant, our approach can interpret the genetic mechanisms underlying this species’ cold resistance and interorgan communication. Our network-centric approach, generalized as a graph statistics theory, builds the foundation of individualized quantitative genetics, a theory that can make genetics even more transformational to precision breeding or precision medicine.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 123, Issue 14
Published April 07, 2026
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (15)

L

Lidan Sun

State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University

Y

Yangyang Bian

Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications

D

Dengcheng Yang

Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications

R

Runtian Miao

State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University

Y

Yihan Meng

Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications

J

Jincan Che

Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications

Z

Ziwei Li

Z

Zimo Li

State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University

H

Haoning Wang

State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University

S

Shuang Wu

J

Juan Meng

State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University

Y

Yu Wang

C

Christopher Griffin

Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University

S

Shing-Tung Yau

Yau Mathematical Sciences Center, Jingzhai, Tsinghua University

R

Rongling Wu

Beijing Key Laboratory of Topological Statistics and Applications for Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications