General anesthesia in early infancy accelerates visual cortical development

L Laurel J. Gabard-Durnam (Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University) S Sarah A. McCormick (Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University) E Ellen Underwood (International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study) A Alice Tao (International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study) I Isabelle Kim (International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study) S Siobhan Coffman (Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School) L Lindsay Benster (Laboratories of Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School) M Maria Graziano (International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study) C Charles A. Nelson (Laboratories of Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School) C Charles B. Berde (International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study) L Laura Cornelissen (International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study) T Takao K. Hensch (International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study)

Abstract

How human brain function is established through protracted trajectories of development is not yet fully understood. Maturation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) circuits drives critical periods of cortical development in animal models. Whether early functional inhibition similarly impacts the pace of human brain development remains unknown. Here, in a longitudinal study of 93 infants across a range of repeated exposures to general anesthesia shortly after birth, we observed a dramatically accelerated development of visual evoked potential (VEP) waveforms (but not their latency) consistent with a conserved biological mechanism across species. Such sequelae of prolonged GABA-active anesthesia in the first half year after birth may particularly impact those at-risk of altered excitatory–inhibitory circuit balance.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 122, Issue 31
Published August 05, 2025
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (12)

L

Laurel J. Gabard-Durnam

Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University

S

Sarah A. McCormick

Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University

E

Ellen Underwood

International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study

A

Alice Tao

International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study

I

Isabelle Kim

International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study

S

Siobhan Coffman

Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School

L

Lindsay Benster

Laboratories of Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School

M

Maria Graziano

International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study

C

Charles A. Nelson

Laboratories of Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School

C

Charles B. Berde

International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study

L

Laura Cornelissen

International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study

T

Takao K. Hensch

International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study