Functional recovery of the adult murine hippocampus after cryopreservation by vitrification

A Alexander German (Department of Molecular Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) E Enes Yağız Akdaş (Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) C Cassandra Flügel-Koch (Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) E Ezgi Erterek (Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) R Renato Frischknecht (Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) A Anna Fejtova (Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) J Jürgen Winkler (Department of Molecular Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) C Christian Alzheimer (Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) F Fang Zheng (Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg)

Abstract

Cryopreserving the adult brain is challenging due to damage from ice formation, and traditional freezing methods fail to maintain neural architecture and function. Vitrification offers a promising alternative but has not been surveyed in the brain. Here, we demonstrate short-term recovery of the adult murine hippocampus after vitrification of brain slices and of the whole brain in situ. Key features of the hippocampus are preserved, including structural integrity, metabolic responsiveness, neuronal excitability, and synaptic transmission and plasticity. Notably, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) was well preserved, indicating that the cellular machinery of learning and memory remains operational. These findings extend known biophysical limits for cerebral hypothermic shutdown by demonstrating recovery after complete cessation of molecular mobility in the vitreous state and thus contribute to achieving the objective of structural and functional preservation of neural tissue.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 123, Issue 10
Published March 10, 2026
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (9)

A

Alexander German

Department of Molecular Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

E

Enes Yağız Akdaş

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

C

Cassandra Flügel-Koch

Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

E

Ezgi Erterek

Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

R

Renato Frischknecht

Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

A

Anna Fejtova

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

J

Jürgen Winkler

Department of Molecular Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

C

Christian Alzheimer

Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

F

Fang Zheng

Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg