Flexible protein–ligand docking with diffusion-based side-chain packing

R Runze Zhang (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) X Xinyu Jiang D Duanhua Cao (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Z Zhaokun Wang (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) J Jie Yu M Mingan Chen (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Z Zhehuan Fan (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) X Xiangtai Kong (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) J Jiacheng Xiong (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Z Zimei Zhang (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) W Wei Zhang S Shengkun Ni (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Y Yitian Wang (School of Information Engineering) M Minda Liao (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) S Shenghua Gao S Sulin Zhang (Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences) M Mingyue Zheng

Abstract

Understanding protein structure and dynamics is crucial for basic biology and drug design. Conventional methods often provide static conformations that inadequately capture protein flexibility. We present PackDock, a framework that integrates deep learning and physics-based modeling to represent protein–ligand interactions. PackDock’s core, PackPocket, uses diffusion models to sample diverse binding pocket conformations and predict ligand-induced changes. We validate PackDock through side-chain packing, redocking, and cross-docking experiments, demonstrating its ability to address protein flexibility challenges. In a real-world application, PackDock identified nanomolar affinity compounds with unreported scaffolds for the protein of interest. Additionally, it revealed key amino acid conformational changes, offering insights into protein–ligand interactions. By accurately predicting complex conformations in various scenarios, PackDock enhances our understanding of protein dynamics and provides perspectives for both basic biological research and drug discovery efforts.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 122, Issue 52
Published December 30, 2025
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (17)

R

Runze Zhang

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

X

Xinyu Jiang

D

Duanhua Cao

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Z

Zhaokun Wang

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

J

Jie Yu

M

Mingan Chen

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Z

Zhehuan Fan

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

X

Xiangtai Kong

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

J

Jiacheng Xiong

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Z

Zimei Zhang

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

W

Wei Zhang

S

Shengkun Ni

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Y

Yitian Wang

School of Information Engineering

M

Minda Liao

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

S

Shenghua Gao

S

Sulin Zhang

Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences

M

Mingyue Zheng