Evidence of clonal stability in a 5-year longitudinal prospective cohort of cancer survivors with serial NGS analysis.

Abstract

10562 Background: Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with preleukemic mutations (mut n s), collectively termed clonal hematopoiesis (CHIP) serve as the cellular origin of myeloid neoplasms (MN). While risk of MN development varies, its natural history and transformation potential remain poorly defined. We present findings from our ongoing 10-year CHIP protocol using serial NGS to monitor clonal evolution and MN in cancer survivors. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 210 prospective pts from March 2020 to June 2024. Mut n s were classified CHIP+ if they had a variant allele frequency (VAF) ≥2% (or ≥1% for IDH1, IDH2 , and JAK2 ). Clonal evolution was evaluated by annual VAF changes adjusted for age-related increases (e.g. DNMT3A increases by ~2%/yr based on published data). Mut n s were classified as slow (≤5%/yr: DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1 ), intermediate (5-10%/yr: TP53, PPM1D, IDH1/2, KRAS, NRAS, SF3B1 ), or fast-growing ( > 10%/yr: JAK2, SRSF2 ). BPearson's Chi-squared, Fisher’s exact, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used. Results: Of 210 pts, 42 (20%) had at least one CHIP+ mut n . Median age was higher in CHIP+ vs. CHIP- pts (66 vs. 59 years, p < 0.001). CHIP+ was not significantly associated with sex, race, family history, smoking, alcohol use, prior cancer types (e.g., breast, head and neck) or treatment (chemo, radiation, surgery). Of 487 samples, 56 had detectable somatic mut n s. The most frequent mut n were DNMT3A (n = 27), PPM1D (n = 10), and TET2 (n = 9). By expected growth kinetics, 37 (66%) mut n were slow-growing, 12 (21.4%) intermediate, 2 (3.5%) fast-growing, and 4 (7.14%) of unknown kinetic category.Beyond VAF-kinetics-based progression, 12 pts developed new mut n in subsequent years - DNMT3A (n = 8), PPM1D (n = 2). Some later became undetectable, suggesting transient clones. In total, 12 pts (1 by VAF kinetics, 11 by new mut n acquisition) clonally progressed over 5 years of this study (5.7%).6 pts regressed by year 2, with gene mut n VAFs becoming undetectable. These included mut n in PPM1D (n = 2), CBL (n = 2), TP53 (n = 1), and DNMT3A (n = 1). Three more pts regressed in year 3, and 1 in year 4. In all, 10 pts showed regression over 5 years (17.8%). Notably, 5 of 10 had received interventions for cardiac comorbidities. Overall, ~94% pts had clonal stability/regression. Slow-growing mut n s - DNMT3A and TET2 had median rates of 0.83% and 2.11%, (historical rates ≤5%). Intermediate mut n s like TP53 and PPM1D had median rates of 1.64% and -0.625%, below the expected 5-10% annual rise. JAK2 , a fast-growing mut n , also showed a lower rate of 0.19%. Conclusions: Despite being a high-risk population due to prior solid malignancy and exposure to chemo/radiation, most pts in our five-year longitudinal study showed clonal stability. Even among those who progressed, VAF kinetics remained stable post-detection. CHIP’s inflammatory link to cardiovascular disease suggests preventive cardiology may impact clonal behavior.