Edge-intelligent safelink-V2X: A low-latency cooperative framework for real-time vulnerable road user protection

Abstract

The protection of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) remains a major challenge in modern transportation safety, as onboard line-of-sight and adverse weather conditions limit conventional onboard sensors. Existing systems that rely solely on vehicle-based sensing or on isolated communication struggle to provide timely, accurate alerts in dynamic urban environments. To address these shortcomings, this paper introduces SafeLink-V2X, a comprehensive Vehicle-to-Everything Cooperative Warning Framework designed to enhance safety for pedestrians, cyclists, and scooter riders. SafeLink-V2X employs Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) and Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) protocols to enable direct data exchange of location, velocity, and heading between connected vehicles, smart infrastructure, and VRUs via smartphones or wearable tags. By applying sensor fusion and machine learning–based conflict prediction, the system identifies potential collision points and issues real-time, context-aware warnings through vehicle HMIs and VRU devices, promoting immediate evasive action. Evaluation on urban intersection simulations (detailed in Section 5) demonstrates that SafeLink-V2X reduces simulated collision probability by up to 91.4%, increases situational awareness measures by 44%, and lowers end-to-end alert latency by 30% compared to baseline onboard-only and communication-only systems under the same conditions.