CT-free kidney single-photon emission computed tomography for glomerular filtration rate

Abstract

Abstract This study explores an artificial intelligence-based approach to perform CT-free quantitative SPECT for kidney imaging using Tc-99 m DTPA, aiming to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) without relying on CT. A total of 1000 SPECT/CT scans were used to train and test a deep-learning model that segments kidneys automatically based on synthetic attenuation maps (µ-maps) derived from SPECT alone. The model employed a residual U-Net with edge attention and was optimized using windowing-maximum normalization and a generalized Dice similarity loss function. Performance evaluation showed strong agreement with manual CT-based segmentation, achieving a Dice score of 0.818 ± 0.056 and minimal volume differences of 17.9 ± 43.6 mL (mean ± standard deviation). An additional set of 50 scans confirmed that GFR calculated from the AI-based CT-free SPECT (109.3 ± 17.3 mL/min) was nearly identical to the conventional SPECT/CT method (109.2 ± 18.4 mL/min, p = 0.9396). This CT-free method reduced radiation exposure by up to 78.8% and shortened segmentation time from 40 min to under 1 min. The findings suggest that AI can effectively replace CT in kidney SPECT imaging, maintaining quantitative accuracy while improving safety and efficiency.