Controlling the Double Layer of Platinum by Selective Passivation of Step Sites Using Adatom Modification

Abstract

Abstract The structure of the electric double layer at platinum electrodes remains incompletely understood, even for the model Pt(111)/HClO4 interface, which deviates significantly from Gouy–Chapman–Stern theory. While Pt(111) exhibits a true double-layer window (0.40–0.60 VRHE) that enables direct measurement of the double-layer capacitance, stepped Pt surfaces do not because hydrogen and/or hydroxyl species adsorb at low-coordinated step sites across the entire potential range. We previously showed that hydroxyl adsorption on (110)-steps is potential-independent within this nominal double-layer window, leading to decreasing capacitance with increasing (110)-step density due to suppression of the step Helmholtz capacitance. In contrast, (100)-steps exhibit potential-dependent hydroxyl adsorption that introduces a substantial pseudocapacitive contribution and increases capacitance with step density. Here, we selectively passivate Pt step sites by depositing Au* and Ag* adatoms. We find that Au*step-modification suppresses step-specific adsorption, restoring predominantly electrostatic behavior for (100)-type stepped Pt surfaces and reversing the capacitance trends observed for the bare stepped surfaces. In contrast, Ag*step-modification introduced an additional chemical contribution, manifested as substantially increased capacitance and enhanced CO oxidation activity due to adsorption of oxophilic species on Ag*. These results demonstrate that Pt step-site chemistry, and consequently the electrical double-layer structure and electrocatalytic activities, can be tuned and probed to a remarkable degree of controllability through selective adatom modification.