Comparative analysis of influenza healthcare disparities in the United States using retrospective administrative claims from Medicaid and commercial databases, 2015–2019

Abstract

Background Influenza-related healthcare utilization among Medicaid patients and commercially insured patients is not well-understood. This study compared influenza-related healthcare utilization and assessed disease management among individuals diagnosed with influenza during the 2015–2019 influenza seasons. Methods This retrospective cohort study identified influenza cases among adults (18–64 years) using data from the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System (T-MSIS) Analytic Files (TAF) Research Identifiable Files (RIF) and Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database (CDM). Influenza-related healthcare utilization rates were calculated per 100,000 patients by setting (outpatient, emergency department (ED), inpatient hospitalizations, and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions) and demographics (sex, race, and region). Rate ratios were computed to compare results from both databases. Influenza episode management assessment included the distribution of the index point-of-care, antiviral prescriptions, and laboratory tests obtained. Results The Medicaid population had a higher representation of racial/ethnic minorities than the CDM population. In the Medicaid population, influenza-related visits in outpatient and ED settings were the most frequent forms of healthcare utilization, with similar rates of 652 and 637 visits per 100,000, respectively. In contrast, the CDM population predominantly utilized outpatient settings. Non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics exhibited the highest rates of influenza-related ED visits in both cohorts. In the Medicaid population, Black (64.5%) and Hispanic (51.6%) patients predominantly used the ED as their index point-of-care for influenza. Overall, a greater proportion of Medicaid beneficiaries (49.8%) did not fill any influenza antiviral prescription compared to the CDM population (37.0%). Conclusion Addressing disparities in influenza-related healthcare utilization between Medicaid and CDM populations is crucial for equitable healthcare access. Targeted interventions are needed to improve primary care and antiviral access and reduce ED reliance, especially among racial/ethnic minorities and low-income populations.