Climate variability amplifies the need for vector-borne disease outbreak preparedness

W William S. Hart (Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division, University of Oxford) J James W. Hurrell (Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University) A Alexander R. Kaye (Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine, University of Warwick) M Meera Chand (UK Health Security Agency, Canary Wharf) M Matt J. Keeling (Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine, University of Warwick) R Robin N. Thompson (Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division, University of Oxford)

Abstract

In locations that do not currently experience vector-borne disease (VBD) outbreaks but may be at risk under climate change, modeling future climate suitability for transmission is important for outbreak preparedness. Uncertainty in the future climate arises from three sources—differences in emissions scenarios, structural uncertainty across climate models, and internal climate variability (ICV)—but ICV is rarely considered in climate-VBD studies. Here, we demonstrate that ICV is a key source of uncertainty in climate suitability for VBD transmission, even decades into the future. Because of ICV, suitable climate conditions for transmission may arise in many locations sooner than expected under climate change alone.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 122, Issue 34
Published August 26, 2025
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (6)

W

William S. Hart

Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division, University of Oxford

J

James W. Hurrell

Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University

A

Alexander R. Kaye

Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine, University of Warwick

M

Meera Chand

UK Health Security Agency, Canary Wharf

M

Matt J. Keeling

Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine, University of Warwick

R

Robin N. Thompson

Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division, University of Oxford