Charge transfer at air–water interfaces: A machine learning potential-based molecular dynamics study

Z Zhiwei Wang (International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry) Z Zhaoan Chen (Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016,) J Junjie Fang (Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016,) S Shanchen Li (Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016,) W Wanqi Zhou (National Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Institute for Frontier Science) H Hu Qiu (National Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Institute for Frontier Science)

Abstract

Water at interfaces plays a crucial role in many natural processes and industrial applications. However, the relationship between water’s hydrogen bonding and charge transfer characteristics at these interfaces remains poorly understood. Here, we develop machine learning potentials at near density functional theory accuracy based on datasets generated with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, enabling us to explore the structure and charge transfer at air–water interfaces. Our simulations reveal a non-uniform charge distribution along the interfacial normal direction: water molecules in the outermost layer in direct contact with the air tend to be positively charged, while those in a thin sub-interface layer are negatively charged. We further demonstrate that this uneven charge distribution arises from the donor–acceptor asymmetry of H-bonds among interfacial water molecules. These findings provide a detailed atomic-level insight into the charge transfer behaviors of water at interfaces.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 162, Issue 24
Published June 28, 2025
ISSN 0021-9606
Publisher American Institute of Physics

Journal Info

The Journal of Chemical Physics

American Institute of Physics

ISSN: 0021-9606 Physical Sciences

Authors (6)

Z

Zhiwei Wang

International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry

Z

Zhaoan Chen

Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016,

J

Junjie Fang

Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016,

S

Shanchen Li

Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016,

W

Wanqi Zhou

National Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Institute for Frontier Science

H

Hu Qiu

National Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Institute for Frontier Science