Cardiovascular risk and cognitive performance: A population-based cross-sectional study (NEDICES2-RISK)

Abstract

Background Cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors increase the risk of cognitive impairment. Our objective was to assess the relationship between CVR and cognitive performance by sex in the Spanish population. Methods Cross-sectional analysis nested within the population-based NEDICES-2 cohort. The included participants were 55–75 years old without previous cardiovascular events. CVR was estimated using the REGICOR and FRESCO risk equations. Outcome variable: performance on premorbid intelligence, global cognition, memory, verbal fluency, visuoconstruction, attention, and psychomotor speed. Generalized linear models were built. Results 863 participants (56.0% women). Women with higher CVR estimated with FRESCO showed worse cognitive outcomes on Immediate memory test OR: 4.77 (CI95% 1.81–13.80), Delayed memory test OR: 2.86 (CI95% 1.09–7.91), Clock drawing test OR 3.23 (CI95% 1.07–10.10), TMTA-1 timing OR: 6.92 (CI95% 2.43–20.90) and TMTA-2 timing OR 3.89 (CI95% 1.34–11.50%). With moderate versus low CVR they scored worse on Clock drawing test OR 2.08 (CI95% 1.08–4.02), TMTA-1 timing OR: 2.99 (CI95% 1.62–5.58) and TMTA-2 timing OR 2.01 (CI95% 1.06–3.83%). Men with high versus low CVR with REGICOR had lower scores on MMSE-37 OR: 2.41 (CI95% 1.08–5.36), Word accentuation OR: 2.90 (CI95% 1.28–6.67), TMTA-1 OR: 3.68 (CI95% 1.57–8.71) and TMTA-2 OR: 2.82 (CI95% 1.24–6.41). With moderate versus low CVR, they scored worse on TMTA-1 OR: 2.21 (CI95% 1.15–4.41). With FRESCO, men with high versus low CVR were worse on Immediate memory OR: 2.23 (CI95% 1.07–4.70), Word accentuation OR: 2.99 (CI95% 1.25–7.53), and TMTA-1 timing 3.72 (CI95% 1.46–10.3) and the men with moderate versus low CVR. performed worse on MMSE-37 OR: 2.99 (CI95% 1.19–8.27). Conclusions Higher CVR was associated with worse cognitive performance in the Spanish population 55–75 years old. The most affected cognitive domains were memory, attention and psychomotor speed.